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Combinability and syntactic functions




The Infinitive.

Lecture 6. The non-finite form of the verb: the infinitive.

Read the notes and the literature on the aspect and do the tasks.

 

Task 1. Identify the verbal forms and their aspectual meanings in the following examples:

1. We are staying.

2. They were always laughing when he spoke to them.

3. No one will be leaving at this time.

4. He has exercised twice this week.

5. I shall have walked by 5 o’clock.

6. I went to the coast of Maine every summer.

7. He kept writing to her.

8. Drama came from a Greek word meaning to do.

9. I’ve been waiting for him for 10 minutes.

10. Today I dozed off twice.

 

The question to be prepared for the SRS-class:

1. The categories of person and number of the verb.

 

1. These are lexical and grammatical classes (groups) of the verb. Being forms of the verb they have not only verbal characteristics but also nounal (nominative, substantive), adjectival and adverbial features which can be outlined in their meaning, formal structure, combinability and syntactic functions. Consequently, there is a different viewpoint that these forms can form a separate part of speech.

The grammatical meaning of the non-finite forms is to denote process but it is exposed as a peculiar kind of substance and property. They do not express the grammatical meaning of number, person, tense? and mood?, so they do not show full predication in sentences. While the finite forms have one syntactic functions – predication, the non-finite forms may have various syntactic roles (valency for recipients, attendants, addressees of the process).

The English non-finite grammatical classes include four forms: the Infinitive, the Gerund, the present Participle, and the Past Participle.

- It is represented as a verbal name of the process

- It has a category of aspect: to speak – to be speaking, to have spoken – to have been speaking. It is expressed by the opposition of common and continuous aspect.

- It has a category of voice: to do – to be done

Consequently, the infinitive paradigm includes eight forms: the Indefinite active and passive, the Continuous active and passive, the Perfect active and passive and the Perfect Continuous active and passive.

The to particle is in free use, compare bare infinitive or in this example - Will you come with me to the pictures? – I’d love to.

- with the noun and has a syntactic function of the object: He managed to break the wall through. To have a son is to have a prestige

- with the verb (notional and functional) and has a syntactic function of the predicate: He was to come earlier; He ought to be earlier; He tried to be fair.

-with the adjective or modifying adverbs and has a function of the subject: To be good is good; To be very good is abnormal; To look fine is a contemporary requirement of life.

- with...

Complex subject: We have never seen Mike work hard – Mike has never been seen to work hard.

Complex object: We expected John to express his position on the matter.




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