Differences in the articulation bases of English and Russian consonants

Dif­ferences in the system of consonants in English and in Russian are the following:

· The English fore-lingual consonants are articulated with the apico-alveolar position of the tip of the tongue. The Russian fore-lingual conso­nants are mainly dorsal: in their articulation the tip of the tongue is pas­sive and lowered, the blade is placed against the upper teeth. The Russian fore-lingual apical consonants are only: [л, л', ш, щ', ж].

· Russian students often use the hard [ш, ж] phonemes instead of the soft English [∫, Z].

· Palatalization is a phonemic feature in Russian. There is no opposition between palatalized — non-palatalized con­sonants in English. The soft colouring of the English [∫, t∫, dZ, l, Z] is non-phonemic.

· In the articulation of [w] the primary focus is formed by the lips, which are rounded but not protruded, as it happens when the Russian [y] is pro­nounced. The bilabial [w] which is pronounced with a round narrowing is very often mispronounced by Russians. They use the labio-dental [в] which is pronounced with a flat narrowing instead of the English [w].

· The primary focus in the articulation of "dark" [5] is formed by the tip of the tongue pressed against the teeth ridge in the initial position.

· English voiceless plosives [p, t, k] are aspirated, when followed by a stressed vowel and not preceded by [s].

· The English voiceless fortis [p, t, k, f, s, ∫, t∫] are pronounced more energetically than similar Russian consonants.

· The English voiced consonants [b, d, g, v, d, z, Z, dZ]are not replaced by the corresponding voiceless sounds in final positions and be­fore voiceless consonants.

Consonant phonemes in English which have no counterparts in Russian are the following:

1) the bilabial sonorant [w];

2) the dental consonants [ð, θ];

3) the voiced affricate [dZ];

4) the post-alveolar sonorant [r];

5) the back-lingual nasal sonorant [ŋ];

6) the glottal [h].

Consonant phonemes in Russian which have no counterparts in En­glish are the following;

1) the palatalized consonants;

2) the voiceless affricate [ц];

3) the rolled sonorant [p];

4) the back-lingual voiceless [x].

The most common mistakes are the fol­lowing:

1) dorsal articulation of the English [t, d];

2) the use of the Russian rolled [p] instead of the English [r];

3) the use of the Russian [x] instead of the English glottal [h];

4) mispronunciation of the English inter-dental [ð, θ];

5) the use of the fore-lingual [n] instead of the back-lingual velar [ŋ];

6) the use of the Russian dark [ш, ж] instead of the soft English [∫, Z];

7) the use of the labio-dental [v, в] instead of the bilabial [w];

8) weak pronunciation of voiceless fortis [p, t, k, f, s, ∫, t∫];

9) devoicing of [b, d, g, v, ð, z, Z, dZ] in the terminal position.

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