Unit one

READING COURSE

ЯЗЫК

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

ВУЗОВ

Минск 2006

Авторы: Е.П.Тарасова, Т.Г.Шелягова, В.П.Киселева, Н.И.Шавель

Английский язык для студентов радиотехнических специальностей

А64 вузов: Е.П.Тарасова, Т.Г.Шелягова, В.П. Киселеваи др. - Мн.: БГУИР, 2006.− 213 с.

Учебное пособие направлено на формирование лексических навыков по тематике радиотехнического профиля, а также развитие навыков и умений чтения и говорения по специальности. Авторами учебного пособия соблюдены преемственность школьного и вузовского курсов, реализовано требование профессионально-ориентированного обучения.

В пособии имеется грамматический справочник, фонетический справочник и словарь общенаучной лексики.

СONTENTS

Unit One............................................................................................................5

Lesson 1 (5). Lesson 2 (8). Lesson 3 (10). Lesson 4 (11).

Unit Twо.........................................................................................................13

Lesson 1 (13). Lesson 2 (16). Lesson 3 (18). Lesson 4 (19).

Unit Three....................................................................................................21

Lesson 1 (21). Lesson 2 (25). Lesson 3 (27). Lesson 4 (27).

Unit Fоur........................................................................................................29

Lesson 1 (29). Lesson 2 (32). Lesson 3 (33). Lesson 4 (35).

Unit Five........................................................................................................36

Lesson 1 (37). Lesson 2 (39). Lesson 3 (41). Lesson 4 (42).

Unit Six..........................................................................................................43

Lesson 1 (44). Lesson 2 (47). Lesson 3 (48). Lesson 4 (50).

Unit Seven................................................................................................52

Lesson 1 (52). Lesson 2 (54). Lesson 3 (56). Lesson 4 (58).

Unit Eight...................................................................................................59

Lesson 1 (59). Lesson 2 (61). Lesson 3 (63). Lesson 4 (65).

Unit Nine........................................................................................................67

Lesson 1 (67). Lesson 2 (69). Lesson 3 (71). Lesson 4 (73).

Unit Ten...........................................................................................................74

Lesson 1 (74). Lesson 2 (76). Lesson 3 (79). Lesson 4 (80).

Unit Eleven...............................................................................................82

Lesson 1 (82). Lesson 2 (84). Lesson 3 (86). Lesson 4 (87).

Unit Twelve......................................................................................................89

Lesson 1 (89). Lesson 2 (92). Lesson 3 (94). Lesson 4 (95).

Unit Thirteen...........................................................................................97

Lesson 1 (97). Lesson 2 (100). Lesson 3 (103). Lesson 4 (105).

Unit Fourteen.......................................................................................107

Lesson 1 (107). Lesson 2 (109). Lesson 3 (111). Lesson 4 (113).

Unit Fifteen...............................................................................................115

Lesson 1 (115). Lesson 2 (119). Lesson 3 (121). Lesson 4 (123).

Грамматический справочник

I. Глагол.....................................................................................................126

§1. Основные формы глагола...................................................................126

§2. Система грамматических времен английского языка.....................127

§3. Страдательный залог.........................................................................129

§4. Согласование времен.........................................................................131

§5. Модальные глаголы...........................................................................132

§6. Сослагательное наклонение..............................................................134

§7. Условные предложения......................................................................136

§8. Глагол to be.........................................................................................137

§9. Глагол to have......................................................................................138

§10. Глагол to do........................................................................................138

§11. Глагол should......................................................................................139

§12. Глагол would........................................................................................139

II. Неличные формы глагола...............................................................140

§13. Инфинитив.........................................................................................140

§14. Причастие...........................................................................................142

§15. Герундий..............................................................................................144

Ш.Анализ предложения......................................................................146

§16. Простое предложение.........................................................................146

§17. Сложное предложение....................................................................149

§18. Усилительные конструкции..........................................................151

§19. Определительные сочетания...........................................................151

IV. Многофункциональные местоимения...........................153

§20 It.............................................................................................................153

§21. That-those.............................................................................................153

§22. These....................................................................................................154

§23. One........................................................................................................155

§24. Грамматическая омонимичность слов,

оканчивающихся на -s, -ed, -ing.................................................................155

Фонетический справочник................................................................................157

Словарь общенаучной лексики...................................................................160

• Grammar: Simple Sentence (§ 76).

Indefinite Tenses in the Active and Passive Voice (§2, 1).

• Word-formation: suffixes -er, -or.

• Individual Work: Lab Work "Indefinite Tenses".

LESSON ONE

Pre-text Exercises

I. Practise the reading of the following words:

inquiry [In'kwaIqri], physicist ['fizIsIst], discharge [dIs'tSa:G], genius ['GI:nIqs], medium ['mI:dIqm], ether ['i:Tq], circuit ['sE:kIt], to impinge [Im'pInG], diaphragm ['dqIqfrxm], interference [ˏIntq'fiqrqns], disturbance [dis'tE:bqns], to distinguish [di'stiNwiS], audience ['O:dIqns], to supervise ['su:pqvaIz], circumference [sq'kAmfqrqns], convenience [kqn'vI:nIqns].

II. Make sure if you can read the words correctly and say what Russian words help you to guess their meaning:

gigantic, phenomenon, stress, reality, concept, theory, component, battery, apparatus, centre, radius, technique, natural, idea, definition, genius, history, diaphragm, experiment, polarization, radio, diffraction, atmosphere, interference, system, telegraph, communication, telephone, radiation, limit, mathematics.

III. Form nouns adding the suffixes -er, -or to the given verbs. Translate the nouns and verbs into Russian:

Example: to design – a designer (конструировать – конструктор)

to detect – a detector (детектировать – детектор)

to build, to operate, to contain, to receive, to read, to produce, to transmit, to invent, to discover, to drive, to translate, to visit, to convert, to regulate, to accumulate, to react, to use, to vibrate, to record.

IV. Give the initial words of the following derivatives:

Example: wireless – wire

transmission – to transmit

greatly, discharge, lecturer, atmospheric, successful, improvement, inventor, radiation, definition, equipment, purely, economic, powerful, development, operation, rapidly, information, atomic, magnetic, agreement, regulation, instruction, communication, technological, considerable, generation, separately, production, industrial, historic, logical, researcher.

V. State what parts of speech the words in heavy type belong to. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. The study of this phenomenon is very important. The physicists study the structure of matter. 2. Energy can have many forms. What forms the basis of this compound? 3. We time our clock by radio. It is high time to go to the Institute. 4. The train leaves at six in the evening. Will you go to the Crimea on leave? 5. We must set the time for the beginning of the experiment. Give this worker a set of tools. 6. Air is a mixture of gases. Air the room, please. 7. The generator charges the batteries. The charges of an electron and of a proton are equal in strength. 8. The experiment may result in a new scientific concept. The result of the process was the release of the energy. 9. Point out a mistake in this translation. Speak to the point. 10. It is light in the room. Don't light the lamps.

VI. Define the parts of the following simple sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. In the first year the students have many general subjects. 2. This article is about the story of radio. 3. She began to translate the text yesterday. 4. Every student is present at the lecture today. 5. The methods of radio engineering are now used in various fields of science and technology. 6. There are thousands of radio amateurs different countries. 7. One cannot read such articles without a dictionary. 8. It is necessary to help him. 9. We usually take measurements with great accuracy. 10. It becomes cold in autumn. 11. There were many explanations of the phenomenon of light. 12. In January, it snowed all the time. 13. Several types of microphones are in wide use now. 14. Nobody could solve this problem. 15. One may determine the wave frequency. 16. Let us take part in the expedition. 17. To read is necessary. 18. Energy is the ability to work. 19. By reading English books we increase our vocabulary. 20. They offered me some interesting work. 21. There exist various types of radio receivers. 22. Every day at 8 o'clock in the morning the students come to the Institute.

VII. Define the tense-forms of the verbs in the following sentences and translate them:

1. Yesterday the students of our group came to help me with mathematics. 2. Our scientists will further develop various kinds of computers. 3. Radio waves are the longest members of the family of electromagnetic waves. 4. Where did the first international conference on radio take place? 5. Modern orbital stations weigh up to 20 tons. 6. If you work much, you will get good results. 7. My friend does not like sports. 8. Will you go to the library tomorrow? 9. When the lectures are over, we shall go to the reading hall. 10. We shall meet tomorrow at the same place. 11. According to the time-table, the train gets in at half past eight. 12. I left school three years ago. 13.1 completely agree with your opinion. 14. She not only sings, she plays the guitar as well. 15. You found the lost book, didn't you? 16. He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 17. Which part of the concert did you like most? 18. It was so warm a day that we decided to go to the river. 19. She speaks English well. 20. Electricity cables stretch over the fields. 21. We shall not leave home until you come. 22. She never listens to the advice which I give her. 23. If the water continues to rise, these fields will be under water.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. He will give you the book when you need it. 2. If we put water into a tube, it will take the shape of the tube. 3. I'll solve this equation if you help me. 4. Unless it is too late, we shall go there. 5. The circle will become an ellipse after you compress it. 6. We shall use this substance in the experiment provided it has the necessary properties. 7. As soon as you return from the lab, we'll begin our work. 8.1 won't be able to explain this phenomenon if I do not analyse all the data. 9. Your experiment will not give good results until you change the speed of the reaction. 10. My friend will translate the text if you give him your dictionary. 11. I shall do it if it is necessary. 12. If he concentrates his attention on his studies, he will pass his exams successfully.

IX. Soy the following sentences in the Past Indefinite Active. Don't forget to make the necessary changes:

Example: He usually has his breakfast at 8 o'clock, (yesterday, at 9 o'clock) Yesterday he had his breakfast at 9 o'clock.

1. John often tells me about his holidays, (yesterday afternoon, his family) 2. The postman usually comes at half past seven, (the day before yesterday, at six) 3. We go to the seaside for a week every August, (last autumn, into the country) 4. She always arrives at the office a few minutes before nine o'clock, (yesterday morning, at nine o'clock) 5. They sometimes go to the theatre, (last month, to the circus) 6. She often writes to her mother, (last week, two letters) 7. His sister regularly attends evening classes at the Institute, (two years ago, an open-air pool) 8. He is always at home on Sunday, (last Sunday, at the library). 9. Lessons begin at nine o'clock, (on Monday, at half past nine)

X. Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay attention to the verbs in the Indefinite Passive:

1. Sounds are produced by the vibration of matter. 2. The translation from one language into another will soon be performed by computers. 3. Waves are carried in all directions from the vibrating body, 4. The first-year students are not taught special subjects. 5. Many problems of great interest are discussed at our seminars. 6. A lot of us were invited to the conference. 7. The methods of radio engineering are now applied in various fields of science and technology. 8. The agreement was signed ten years ago. 9. The research will be carried out over a period of four months. 10. Much attention is given to the development of radio engineering. 11. Lasers are now used for many scientific, medical and industrial purposes. 12. The laboratories of our Institute are equipped with modern devices. 13. The results of these experiments will be published in a scientific journal. 14. The importance of sport is known to everybody. 15. We were provided with the necessary literature. 16. The equations were solved by the machine.. 17. The young scientist was invited to take part in the conference.

XI. Say the following sentences in the Indefinite Passive. Use the words in heavy type as the subjects of your sentences:

Example: Scientists use crystals in electronic devices.

Crystals are used by scientists in electronic devices.

1. Scientists developed several types of lasers. 2. I shall inform you about the new discovery. 3. Solar batteries generate electricity. 4. The researcher carries out the experiments at high temperatures. 5. You always make the same mistakes. 6. He will bring the book next time. 7. Radio employs electrical energy to transmit sounds, images and signals. 8. The lecturer spoke about the latest works in the sphere of radioelectronics. 9. He showed me the articles from the latest magazine. 10. Mendeleyev presented his table in 1869. 11. New data will support the results of our research. 12. These devices distribute the electric energy. 13. Heat converts ice into water. 14. A.S.Popov invented the first radio receiver. 15. The engineer will check the apparatus in the lab. 16. Their laboratory occupies a separate part of the building. 19. Radio devices perform various communication tasks. 18. We use such devices for amplification of radio signals.

XII. Make sure if you remember the following verbs. Consult a dictionary:

to follow, to show, to reduce, to exist, to differ, to correspond, to impinge, to suggest, to measure, to confirm, to appear, to inspire, to supervise, to change, to add, to draw, to mean, to reason, to create, to call, to hold, to develop, to broadcast, to use.

XIII. Match up the words similar in meaning:

to begin, to call, to reduce, essential, to start, to decide, to receive, definite, to name, velocity, to produce, to decrease, to apply, quickly, speed, to operate, research, to suggest, to obtain, to propose, investigation, to make, to use, certain, rapidly, principal, to work, to solve.

XIV. Listen to the tape-recorded lexical programme. Try to memorize the words and word-groups:

■to take a step forward – сделать шаг вперед ■ to put forward a theory – выдвинуть теорию ■ merely – только, всего лишь ■ to make a discovery – сделать открытие ■ essential – основной ■ to give rise to – способствовать ■ loose – свободный, незакрепленный ■ mouthpiece – микрофон ■ to suggest a method – предложить метод ■ to turn to –обратиться ■ thereby – посредством этого to include – включать в состав, содержать ■ persistent – упорный, настойчивый ■ convenience – удобство ■ point – точка.

LESSON TWO

I. Study text A. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary:

Text A

The Story of Radio

1. Without understanding the inquiries of pure science¹, we cannot follow the story of radio. It begins perhaps with Joseph Henry, an American physicist, who discovered in 1842 that electrical discharges were oscillating. A gigantic step forward was taken by James Maxwell, a Scottish physicist and one of the great mathematical geniuses of the 19-th century. By purely mathematical reasoning², Maxwell showed that all electrical and magnetic phenomena could be reduced to stresses and motions in a medium, which he called the ether. Today we know that this "electrical medium" does not exist in reality³. Yet the concept of an ether helped greatly, and allowed Maxwell to put forward his theory that the velocity of electric waves in air should be equal to that of the velocity of light waves, both being the same kind of waves⁴, merely differing in wave length.

2. In 1878, David Hughes, an American physicist, made another important discovery in the pre-history of radio and its essential components. He found that a loose contact in a circuit containing a battery and a telephone receiver (invented by Bell in 1876) would give rise to sounds in the receiver, which corresponded to those that had impinged upon the diaphragm of the mouthpiece.

3. In 1883, George Fitzgerald, an Irish physicist, suggested a method by which electromagnetic waves might be produced by the discharge of a condenser. Next we must turn to Heinrich Hertz, the famous German physicist, who was the first to create, detect and measure electromagnetic waves, and thereby experimentally confirmed Maxwell's theory of "ether" waves. In his experiments he showed that these waves were capable of reflection, refraction, polarization, diffraction and interference.

4. A.S.Popov (1859-1906) was in 1895 a lecturer in physics. He set up a receiver in 1895, and read a paper about it at the Meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society on April 25 (May 7, New Style) 1895. He demonstrated the world's first radio receiver, which he called "an apparatus for the detection and registration of electric oscillations". By means of this equipment, Popov could¹ register electrical disturbances, including atmospheric ones. In March 1896 he gave a further demonstration before the same society. At that meeting the words "Heinrich Hertz" were transmitted by wireless telegraphy in Morse code and similarly received before a distinguished scientific audience⁵. Popov became the inventor of the radio, May 7 being celebrated each yearas "Radio Day" in many countries.

5. Marconi invented a system of highly successful wireless telegraphy, and inspired and supervised its application.

6. Such is the story of the many inventors of wireless telegraphy, working with each other's equipment, adding new ideas and new improvements to them. It was a patient, persistent inquiry into natural laws and it was animated by the love of knowledge⁶.

7. During the first years of its development, radio communication was called "wireless telegraphy and telephone". This name was too long for convenience and was later changed to "radio" which comes from the well-known Latin word "radius" – a straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to a point on its circumference. Wireless transmission was named radio transmission, or simply "radio".

8. The term "radio" now means the radiation of waves by transmitting stations, their propagation through space, and reception by receiving stations. The radio technique has become closely associated with many other branches of science and engineering and it is now difficult to limit the word "radio" to any simple definition.

Notes

1. without understanding the inquiries of pure science – на зная истоков чистой науки

2. by purely mathematical reasoning – при помощи чисто математических рассуждений

3. does not exist in reality – на самом деле не существует

4. both being the same kind of waves – причем обе являются волнами одного типа

5. distinguished audience – авторитетная аудитория

6. to be animated by the love of knowledge – быть движимым любовью к знаниям

II. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. H.Hertz was the first to create electromagnetic waves. 2. A.S.Popov could not register atmospheric disturbances. 3. A.S.Popov is the inventor of the radio. 4. The words "Heinrich Hertz" were transmitted by wireless telegraphy in Morse code.

III. Answer the following questions on paragraph I:

1. Who discovered the oscillation of electrical discharges? 2. Does "the ether" exist in reality? 3. What did the concept of an ether help Maxwell in?

IV. Find the information dealing with the discovery made by David Hughes. Relate this information to your partner.

V. Which paragraph contains the information directly connected with the invention of radio. Render this information.

VI. Translate paragraph 5-6 into Russian.

VII. Read paragraph 5 and speak about Marconi's contribution to the development of radio.

VIII. Explain the origin of the word "radio".

IX. Speak about the story of radio using the information from the text.

LESSON THREE

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents, facilitating reading Text B:

to concern – касаться, относиться; to design – конструировать; equipment – оборудование; home-made – отечественный; electronic valve – электронная лампа; broadcasting station – радиовещательная станция; superpower oscillator valve – сверхмощная генераторная лампа; under the guidance – под руководством; special-purpose radio station – радиостанция специального назначения; amateur designer – радиолюбитель (конструктор); radio-controlled models – радиоуправляемые модели; remote control ─ дистанционное управление; far-away Galaxies – отдаленные Галактики.

II. Skim through text В and say in Russian or in English what it is about. You are given 3 minutes.

Text В

Nowadays local radio stations broadcast their own programmes in addition to relaying central radio broadcast programmes. Dozens of thousands¹ of various special-purpose radio stations are in operation in aeroplanes, trains, ships, etc. There are also thousands of radio amateurs who use short-wave radio sets for long-distance contacts, "fox-hunters" (a special kind of sport), amateur designers constructing radio-controlled models of aeroplanes and ships as well as many other types of different purpose radio equipment.

In the late 1930s and especially after World War II other branches of radio engineering developed rapidly: television, remote control of different equipment by means of radio (telecontrol), radio-location (radar), radio navigation, etc.

The methods of radio engineering are now used in various fields of science and technology, e.g. in physics, chemistry, geology, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, etc. At present there is no branch of science where use is not made of² some kind of radio equipment. Distant areas of the Universe are studied with the help of radio. Spacecrafts are guided by radio. Radio devices have made it possible the information to be obtained³ about the mysterious and amazing phenomena taking place in far-away Galaxies as well as inside atomic nuclei.

Notes

1) dozens of thousands – десятки тысяч

2) use is not made of – не используется

3) have made it possible the information to be obtained – дали возможность получить информацию

III. Look through the text again and say:

a) what branches of radio engineering rapidly developed after World War II;

b) in what branches of science and technology the methods of radio engineering are used now.

LESSON FOUR

I. Look through the list of the English words and their Russian equivalents for text C:

unlike – в отличие; to assign – определять; appropriate – соответствующий; preliminary – предварительный; to undertake – предпринимать; to exchange – обмениваться; to man – комплектовать; to stir – вызывать, возбуждать; to originate – брать начало, отправлять; to destine – предназначать; distinction – различие; latter – последний (из упомянутых); to accept – принимать; subsequent – последующий.

II. Read text C carefully. While reading look for the answers to the following questions:

1. Do electromagnetic waves know man-made frontiers? 2. What was the reason for calling the preliminary international radio conference? 3. What principles became the basis for the regulation of radio communication? 4. What principles were accepted at the First International Radiotelegraph Conference?

Text С

The First International Radiotelegraph Conference

1. The very nature of radio¹ made it international, right from its beginning. Unlike the cables of the telephone or the wires of the telegraph, electromagnetic waves know no man-made frontiers²; once emitted from their antenna, only their strength decides to what distance they travel. Throughout the history of radio it has always been the aim to choose and assign appropriate frequencies by international agreement, to lay down the rules³ for the operation of radio stations and to approve standards for apparatus and their operators.

2. Preliminary International Conference on Radio took place in Berlin as early as 1903⁴. A.S.Popov was one of the chief Russian delegates. Nine countries met to undertake preliminary studies for the international regulation of radio. Part of the reason, if not the major one⁵, for calling this conference was to stop the attempt of Marconi to monopolize radio. In order to establish his monopoly, he had given instructions to his operators only to exchange wireless signals with other stations also manned by Marconi operators, and it was this action⁶ by a private company which stirred up most opposition.

3. In the Final Protocol of the Preliminary Berlin Conference it was laid down that "Coast stations should receive and transmit telegrams originating from or destined for ships at sea without distinction as to the system of radio used by latter". In spite of⁷ the very elementary state of radio in 1903, this principle and the others of the Final Protocol became the basis for the regulation of radio communication.

4. 29 nations came to the First International Radiotelegraph Conference in Berlin, 1906. It accepted the Radio Convention, Radio Regulations and the fundamental structure for all subsequent conferences.

Notes

1) the very nature of radio – сама природа радио

2) man-made frontiers – искусственные преграды

3) to lay down the rules – установить правила

4) as early as 1903 – еще в 1903 году

5) part of the reason, if not the major one – одна из причин, если не самая главная

6) it was this action... which – именно этот поступок

7) in spite of – несмотря на

III. Say what made radio international.

IV. Explain why electromagnetic waves have no man-made frontiers.

V. Find the information about the necessity of the international agreement on appropriate wave frequencies. Say what other points of such an agreement are mentioned in this part of the text.

VI. Unite paragraphs 2 and 3. Propose the most suitable title for this part out of the following ones:

1. Preliminary International Conference on Radio.

2. Marconi's Monopoly on Radio.

3. The Decisions of the Preliminary International Conference on
Radio.

VII. Give two main reasons for organizing the Preliminary International Conference on Radio.

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