Integrated Circuits

Text B

LESSON THREE

Notes

1.crystal set – детекторный приемник

2.crystal valve – кристаллический прибор

3.heat dissipation – рассеяние тепла

II. Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Devices consisting of crystalline materials were known long before the invention of the thermionic valve. 2. The crystal set became known in the early days of radio. 3. Crystal valves were found to be less efficient rectifiers than thermionic valves. 4. The action of semiconductor devices was understood well.

III. Answer the following questions on paragraph 2:

1. What is a transistor? 2. When was the first transistor invented? 3. Where are transistors used?

IV. In paragraph 3 find the English equivalents of the following words:

транзистор, твердотельный прибор, ускорение, рост, прибор, заменять, неуклонно, краткий, преимущество, сравнивать, давать ответы.

V. Translate paragraph 4.

VI. Read paragraph 5 and say where the small size and weight of transistors is essential.

VII. Write out of the text the words and phrases describing the transistor.

VIII. Divide text A into logical parts and find the topical sentence of each part.

IX. Tell the story of transistors and semiconductor devices using the topical sentences.

I. Look through the list of English words and their Russian equivalents facilitating reading text B:

integrated circuit – интегральная схема; resistor – резистор; capacitor – конденсатор, емкость; package, case – корпус; lead – ввод, вывод; infinitesimally small terms – бесконечно малые члены выражения; chip (die) – чип, кристаллик; to tend – иметь тенденцию; cost – цена, стоимость; common – широко распространенный; общепринятый; thin– and thick-film ICs – тонко пленочные и толстопленочные интегральные схемы (ИС); simultaneously – 1. одновременно; 2. совместно; complete – полный, завершенный; performance – 1. производительность; эффективность; 2. качество функционирования; digital computer – цифровая ЭВМ; design – 1. проект; 2. конструкция; to design – проектировать, конструировать, разрабатывать; evaluate – оценивать; to bring about – вызывать, быть причиной.

II. Skim through the text and say what it is about (you are given 10 minutes):

An integrated circuit (IС) is a collection of interconnected transistors, diodes, resistors, and capacitors mounted in one package or case with as many as fourteen leads.

The word "integrated" does not refer to the mathematical process of adding together an infinite number of infinitesimally small terms, but rather to the fact that all transistors, diodes, and resistors are formed from a single piece of semiconductor material called a "chip" or a "die". If only one chip is present in the case, the IС is called "monolithic"; if several chips are mounted inside the case the IС is called "hybrid". Some integrated circuits contain several thousand transistors and resistors, and so extreme miniaturization is possible.

Because of their extremely small size, integrated circuits tend to be restricted to low power applications. Their small size, however, does enable them to operate at high frequencies. The cost of an IС is considerably less than the total cost of the separate components.

Monolithic ICs are by far the most common, but there are other kinds. Thin-film and thick-film ICs are larger than monolithic ICs but smaller than discrete circuits. With a thin– or thick-film IС, the passive components like resistors and capacitors are integrated simultaneously on a substrate. Then, discrete active components like transistors and diodes are connected to form a complete circuit. Therefore, commercially available thin– and thick-film circuits are combinations of integrated and discrete components¹.

If only a few components have been integrated to form the complete circuit it is an example of small-scale integration (SSI)². As a guide, SSI refers to ICs with less than 12 integrated components.

Medium-scale integration (MSI)³ refers to ICs that have from 12 to 100 integrated components per chip. Large-scale integration (LSI)⁴ refers to more than a hundred components.

The IС is becoming more important as a component to be used in the design of electronic equipment, not only in equipment that must be small and light in weight, but where reliability and performance are demanded. In many areas of application particularly in digital computers, the IС provides more economical designs.

A number of important new developments are being evaluated both in the laboratory and in limited product usage. Some of these promise to bring about significant changes in the way microcircuits are designed and used.

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