Pre-text Exercises. I. Practise the reading of the following words:

LESSON ONE

I. Practise the reading of the following words:

cartoon [kQ: 'tu:n], to exhibit [Ig'zɪbIt], image ['ImIG], process ['prqVses], to equip [I'kwIp], intelligence [In'telIGqns], substitute ['sAbstItju:t], outskirts ['aVtskE:ts], appear [q'pIq], satire ['sxtaIq], determine [ dɪ'tE:mIn], subordinate [sq'bO:dInqt], damage ['dxmIdZ], individually [_ʽIndI'vIduqli], mechanical [ mq'kxnIkl], infantile ['InfqntaIl].

II. Make sure if you can read these words correctly and say what Russian words help you to guess their meaning:

robot, figure, hero, computer, character, function, technology, economic, automatic, universal, principle, problem, manufacture, productivity.

III. Give the initial forms of the following words:

driven, processes, manufacturing, operated, incorporating, faculties, equipped, principles, considered, substitutes, functions, riding, deprived, greater, increasing, ranging, became.

IV. State to what parts of speech the words in black type belong:

1. This is an electric field. 2. In what field of science do you work? 3. Last Sunday I was at home. 4. The lectures usually last about four hours on Saturdays. 5. The results of this research are of great importance for our university. 6. Profound research work sometimes results in a discovery. 7. The solar energy must light and heat our houses. 8. The new building houses a technical library.

V. Form adjectives adding the suffixes a) -ent/-ant and b) -ify/-fy to the given words, translate them:

Example: a) to differ – различать b) electric – электрический

different – различный electrify – электрифицировать

a) to depend, to attend, to cool, to correspond, to exist, to resist, to result, to consist, to provide, to dissolve, to absorb;

b) specific, identic, humid, acid, pure, solid, intensive, simple, classic, ample, magnetic, diverse.

VI. Make sure if you remember the meaning of the following verbs. Consult a dictionary:

to range, to incorporate, to develop, to check, to refer to, to substitute, to appear, to mean, to deprive, to call, to damage, to ride, to assume, to prevent, to resolve, to restrain, to grow.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject:

1. These elements are known to have been found two decades ago. 2. Semiconductors are shown to be good detectors of radio waves. 3. Metal is known to conduct electricity. 4. Electrical charges are known to be positive and negative. 5. This engineer appears to have presented some interesting data. 6. The problem of new generators is likely to be one of the most essential. 7. This method of switching is sure to be cheaper. 8. All the details of the plan are supposed to have been explained to you. 9. The chemist is expected to obtain a new substance. 10. They are considered to carry out their research in time. 11. The origin of the word 'robot' is said to have appeared first in a play of a Czech playwright, Karel Capec. 12. Four atomic power stations are assumed to be built for experimental purposes. 13. The improvement of the technological processes is supposed to ensure lower cost of power. 14. Long transmission lines are known to be necessary for the transfer of electric energy over long distances. 15. Some types of reactors are known to produce more nuclear fuel during their operation than they consume.

VIII. Choose the sentences with Complex Subject, translate them into Russian:

1. The engineers were glad to have obtained such good results. 2. Our task is to study well. 3. This system is expected to have wide application. 4. For him to have done these experiments is a great success. 5. Heat causes the liquid to evaporate. 6. They are certain to achieve good results, if they employ new techniques. 7. The engineer made his assistants check the results many times. 8. The apparatus to be assembled is very complicated. 9. The idea to use this new substance is not new. 10. The application of this device in our experiment is certain to give better results.

IX. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the emphatic construction it is (was)... that (who):

1. It is electronics that produced radar. 2. It was Einstein who provided a new conception of time, space and gravitation. 3. It was A.S.Popov who invented the radio. 4. It was from radio that the subject of electronics was born. 5. It was radioelectronics that produced cybernetics, cosmonautics and nuclear physics. 6. It was in the laboratory that I found him. 7. It was D.I.Mendeleyev who formulated the Periodic Law. 8. It was thanks to M.V. Lomonosov that Moscow University was founded in 1755. 9. It was in 1868 that D.I.Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic Law of Elements. 10. It is automation that improves working conditions. 11. It was in 1944 that the first relay machine was completed. 12. It is the programme that ensures the execution of all operations assigned to the computers. 13. It was in the 20th century that electronic computers appeared.

X. Translate the following sentences into Russian. Mind the translation of the correlative conjunctions both... and, neither... nor, either...or:

1. Franklin is respected in our country both as a scientist and a progressive political leader. 2. M.V.Lomonosov was an outstanding inventor both in the humanities and in exact sciences. 3. This famous scientist is engaged both in scientific research and in social activities. 7. As we know there is neither air nor water in any part of the Moon. 5. He could cope neither with this task nor that one. 6. You may take either this book or that one. 7. Reaching the Earth the energy sent from the Sun is either absorbed (поглощена) or reflected. 8. Neither my friend nor I took part in this scientific conference.

XI. Match up the words which have similar meanings:

a) different, hence, to watch, to receive, high, to keep, to allow, to start, to suggest, to shut, to wait, to try, to learn, to remain, to finish, to come, broad, to vary;

b) wide, to change, to arrive, to conclude, to stay, to study, to attempt, to expect, to observe, to obtain, tall, to hold, various, thus, to permit, to begin, to offer, to close.

XII. Try to memorize all the words and word-groups:

■ children's cartoons – детские мультипликационные фильмы ■economic and social advantages – экономические и социальные преимущества ■ superhuman quality – сверхчеловеческое качество a high degree of freedom – высокая степень свободы ■ an improvement of productivity – улучшение производительности ■ an improvement of product quality – улучшение качества изделия ■ production system – система производства ■ to deprive of – лишать (чего-л.) ■ infantile intelligence – ограниченный интеллект ■ to damage – портить

наносить ущерб ■ flexible automation – гибкая автоматизация ■ to enhance – увеличивать, повышать ■ to prevent from – предотвращать, мешать (чему-л.) ■ to set forth – излагать, выдвигать.

LESSON TWO

I. Study text A. Try to understand all details. Use a dictionary if necessary:

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