The Meaning of Human Factors

HUMAN FACTOR

UNIT 6

Topics for Discussion

Answer the questions.

ARTS

TPX-42

One of the earlier, older systems, called TPX-42, uses a numeric readout on the radar scope and will only depict transponder codes and, in those cases where the transponder has Mode C capability, the altitude of a target. Another, slightly more sophisticated system, called direct altitude and identity readout (DAIR), is essentially an enhanced TPX-42 system capable of tracking a target and using alphanumeric characters to depict call sign, altitude, ground speed, and some additional information associated with that flight. This system is used primarily within the military and will interface with some of the systems in use at ARTCCs.

The most commonly used types of alphanumeric tracking systems in use in the terminal environment are called ARTS. There are several different generations of ARTS, suffixed 1, 2, 3, and 3A, depending on the generation being used. All of these systems have a wide range of services available to the controller and, indirectly, the pilot. As an example, ARTS-3A has the capability of tracking a target while displaying, through the use of a data block which follows the target, the following information:

• the target's call sign

• type of aircraft

1. What is the total presentation made up of?

2. What can be found on surveillance radar only?

3. What way would all information with digital radar be displayed?

4. What does a video map depict?

5. What ability does a controller have?

6. What does ”beacon replies” mean?

7. What target is ”a beacon control slash” called

8. When does the target have two slashes?

9. When is this type of system used?

10. What is most ATC facilities equipped with?

11. What is TXP-42?

12. What is ARTS?

1. Certificate and rating requirements of ATC controllers.

2. Name the limitations of the equipment that the ATC uses.

3. What problems or challenges does an ATC controller encounter in Ukraine?

4. Is the job of an ATC controller attractive to young people nowadays?

5. Compare the work of controllers in our country and in other countries.

6. Why is a controller’s work stressfull?

7. English in a professional life of an ATC controller.

8. Benefits from working in a shift pattern.

9. Routine day payload of an ATC controller.

10. Simulator training of aviation specialists.

11. What is the purpose of the pre-flight inspection tour?

12. Aviation periodicals – ‘Flight’, ‘Flying’, ‘Interavia’.

13. Fly-by-wire airplane control.

14. New ideas in aircraft manufacturing.

15. Prospects for aviation in the future.

Exercise 6.1.1 Read and translate the text.

The human element is the most flexible, adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system, but it is the most vulnerable to influences that can adversely affect its performance. Throughout the years, some three out of four accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance.

Human Factors is a technology that deals with people: it is about people in their working and living environments and it is about their relationship with machines, equipment and procedures. Just as important, it is about their relationship with each other as individuals and in groups. It involves the over-all performance of human beings within the aviation system. Human Factors seeks to optimize the performance of people by the systematic application of the human sciences, often integrated within the framework of system engineering. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.

Human Factors has come to be concerned with diverse elements in the aviation system. These include human behaviour; decision-making and other cognitive processes; the design of controls and displays; flight deck and cabin layouts; air traffic control display systems; communication and software aspects of computers; maps, charts and documentation; as well as training.

In spite of the reliance on the academic sources of information, aviation Human Factors is primarily oriented toward solving practical problems in the real world. There are a growing number of integrated Human Factors techniques or methods; these varied and developing techniques can be applied to problems as diverse as accidents investigation and the optimization of personnel training.

It is the most important that everyone concerned with the operation and administration of the aviation system recognize the inevitability of human error. No person, whether designer, engineer, manager, controller, flight dispatcher or crew member, can perform perfectly all the time. Also, what could be considered perfect performance in one set of circumstances might well be unacceptable in another. Thus, people need to be seen as they really are; to wish that they be intrinsically “better” or “different” is futile, unless such a wish is backed by a recommendation for remedial action. Such a recommendation can be further supplemented by provision of the means to achieve better design, training, education, experience, motivation, etc., with the objective of positively influencing relevant aspects of human performance.

An understanding of the predictable human capabilities and limitations and the applications of this understanding are the primary concerns of Human Factors. Human Factors has been progressively developed since the end of the last century and it is now backed by a vast store of knowledge which can be used by those involved in enhancing the safety of today’s complex civil air transport system.

Exercise 6.1.2 Answer the question.

1. What does Human Factors mean?

2. What is important in the technology of Human Factors?

3. What are the objectives of Human Factors?

4. Is the human element adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system?

5. Can the human element influence on the aviation system performance?

6. What do the elements in the aviation system include?

7. What is aviation Human Factors primarily oriented toward?

8. How are Human Factors techniques applied?

9. What is important for everybody in aviation system?

10. Can everybody in aviation system perform perfectly all the time?

11. What is important for human performance?

12. What are the primary concerns of Human Factors?

13. How long has Human Factors progressively developed?

14. Who can use Human Factors knowledge in civil aviation?

Exercise 6.1.3 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.

1. Throughout the years, some five or ten accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance.

2. The human element is the most flexible, adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system.

3. Human Factors is a technology that deals with machines.

4. It involves the partial performance of human beings within the aviation system.

5. Its twin objectives can be seen as safety and efficiency.

6. In spite of the limited academic sources of information, aviation Human Factors is oriented toward solving different problems in the real world.

7. These techniques can be applied to problems concerning only accident investigation.

8. It is the most important that everyone concerned with the operation and administration of the aviation system recognize the inevitability of human error.

9. All people, connected with aviation, perform perfectly all the time.

10. People need to be seen as they really are.

11. An understanding of the predictable human capabilities and limitations are the primary concerns of Human Factors.

12. Human Factors has been progressively developed, refined and institutionalized for many hundreds years.

13. Human Factors is now backed by a vast store of knowledge.

Exercise 6.1.4 Give the English equivalents for the following.

Наиболее уязвимый; отрицательное влияние; в течение многих лет; ошибочные действия человека; что несомненно важно; охватывать всю деятельность людей; в рамках конструирования систем; двойная цель; познавательные процессы; наличие академических источников информации; разнообразные методики; оптимизация обучения персонала; прогнозируемые возможности человека; большой объем знаний; обеспечивать безопасность.

Exercise 6.1.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

Suppose, fulfillment, regard, staff, connection with machines, the whole performance, man’s behaviour, despite the reliance, mainly, various, use, admit, mistake, therefore, can be amplified, corresponding aspects, human possibilities, corroborate, a huge store of knowledge, provide the safety.

Exercise 6.1.6 State what part of speech the following words belong to.

1. human

a) noun b) adjective c) adverb d) verb

2. progressively

a) verb b) noun c) adverb d) adjective

3. cognitive

a) adverb b) adjective c) noun d) participle

4. involve

a) noun b) participle c) verb d) adverb

5. integrated

a) verb b) adjective c) participle d) preposition

6. design

a) adjective b) verb c) noun d) pronoun

7. relevant

a) adverb b) noun c) verb d) adjective

8. source

a) verb b) preposition c) noun d) adverb

Exercise 6.1.7 Match the words and word combinations in column A with theirs Russian equivalents in column B.

A	B
1. to wish that they be intrinsically “better” or “different”	a. она касается людей в условиях их работы и жизни
2. air traffic control display systems	b. она охватывает всю деятельность людей в авиационной системе
3. accident investigation and the optimization of personnel training	c. способы отображения, связанные с управлением воздушным движением
4. it is about people in their working and living environments	d. несмотря на наличие академических источников информации
5. to achieve better training, education, experience, motivation	e. разнообразные и развивающиеся методики
6. it involves the over-all performance of human beings within the aviation system	f. расследование авиационных происшествий и оптимизация обучения персонала
7. predictable human capabilities and limitations	g. признавать неизбежность ошибки, связанной с человеческим фактором
8. safety of today’s complex civil air transport system	h. желать, чтобы они действительно были «лучше» или «разнообразнее»
9. in spite of the reliance on the academic sources of information	i. для достижения нужного обучения, образования, приобретения опыта, мотивации
10. is backed by a vast store of know-ledge	j. соответствующие аспекты работоспособности человека
11. varied and developing techniques	k. прогнозируемые возможности и ограничения человека
12. recognize the inevitability of human error	l. подкрепляется большим объемом знаний
13. relevant aspects of human performance	m. безопасность сегодняшней комплексной системы гражданского воздушного транспорта

Exercise 6.1.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1.________ (during, within, throughout) the years, some three out of four ______ (accidents, crashes, disasters) have resulted from less than optimum human performance.

2. Human Factors is a technology that ___ (has to do, deals, has dealings) with people.

3. It involves the over-all performance of ______ (human, man’s, person’s) beings ________ (in, in the range of, within) the aviation system.

4. Its ______ (double, twin, two-fold) objectives can be __________ (seen, considered, examined) as safety and efficiency.

5. These _________ (insert, inscribe, include) human behaviour, decision-making and other ____________ (cognitive, acquainted, experienced) progresses.

6. Aviation Human Factors is __________ (mainly, primarily, generally) oriented toward ___________ (solving, deciding, making) practical problems in the real world.

7. _________ (therefore, thus, that’s why) people need to be seen as they really are.

8. Such a recommendation can be further ________ (added, amplified, supplemented) by provision of the means to __________ (achieve, reach, attain) better design, training, education, experience, motivation, etc.

9. A _____________ (comprehension, conception, understanding) of the predictable human __________ (capabilities, opportunities, possibilities) and limitations and the applications of this understanding are the primary concerns of Human Factors.

10. Human Factors has been progressively developed __________ (since, from, during) the end of the last century.

Exercise 6.1.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. The human element is the most _________ (VALUE) part of the aviation system.

2. It is about people in their __________ (WORK) and __________ (LIVE) environments.

3. It involves the over-all___________ (PERFORM) of human beings within the aviation system.

4. Its twin objectives can be seen as __________ (SAFE) and __________ (EFFICIENT).

5. Those include human __________ (BEHAVE), __________ (DECIDE) –making and other cognitive processes.

6. There are a __________ (GROW) number of integrated Human Factors techniques or methods.

7. Such a recommendation can be further supplemented by ___________ (PROVIDE) of the means.

8. An understanding of the ____________ (PREDICT) human capabilities and limitations.

9. Human Factors has been _________ (PROGRESS) developed.

10. Human Factors is now __________ (BACK) by a vast store of knowledge.

Exercise 6.1.10 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. Human Factors is a technology that deals ________ people.

2. Human Factors seeks to optimize the performance _________ people.

3. Human Factors has come to the concerned _______ diverse elements _________ the aviation system.

4. Aviation Human Factors is primarily oriented ________ solving practical problems __________ the real world.

5. These varied and developing techniques can be applied _______ problems as diverse as accident investigation.

6. It is the most important that everyone concerned _________ the operation and administration of the aviation system recognize the inevitability ________ human error.

7. No _______ person can perform perfectly all the time.

8. Such a recommendation can be further supplemented ___________ provision of the means.

9. A vast store of knowledge which can be used ________ those involved ________ enhancing the safety ________ today’s complex civil air transport system.

Exercise 6.1.11 Make up sentences using the given words.

1. human /the /is /part /adaptable /The /and /element /most /flexible.

2. Human /is /real /toward /Factors /primarily /solving /in /practical /the /oriented /world /problems.

3. technology /Human /is /that /Factors /people /with /a /deals.

4. the /It /system /human /over all /beings /performance /of /the /aviation /within /involves.

5. Factors /in /Human /has /diverse /to be /come /system /with /aviation /concer-ned /elements /the.

6. as /efficiency /objectives /Its /can /twin /safety /seen /be /and.

7. No /can /the /person /all /perform /time /perfectly.

8. need /Thus /seen /really /to be /people /they /are /really.

9. progressively /Human /refined /Factors /has /developed /been /the /century /since /last /institutionalized /end /the /of /and.

10. Human /is /by /a /now /Factors /knowledge /backed /of /store /vast.

Exercise 6.1.12 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Человек представляет собой наиболее гибкий, способный к адаптации и важный элемент авиационной системы.

2. В течение многих лет каждые три из четырех авиационных происшествий происходят в результате ошибочных действий человека.

3. Человеческий фактор – это технология, которая имеет дело с людьми.

4. Эта технология касается людей в условиях их работы и жизни, их взаимосвязи с машинами, оборудованием и правилами.

5. Она охватывает всю деятельность людей в авиационной системе.

6. Человеческий фактор имеет целью оптимизировать деятельность людей путем систематического применения знаний о человеке.

7. Его двойную цель можно рассматривать как безопасность и эффективность.

8. Человеческий фактор используется во многих областях авиационной системы.

9. Сюда включаются поведение людей, принятие решений и другие познавательные процессы, системы отображения, связанные с управлением воздушным движением, а также процессы обучения.

10. Человеческий фактор в основном используется при решении практических проблем в реальном мире.

11. Имеется большое количество интегрированных методов или методик по человеческому фактору.

12. Эти разнообразные и развивающиеся методики могут применяться к таким разнообразным проблемам, как расследование авиационных происшествий и оптимизация обучения персонала.

13. Понимание прогнозируемых возможностей и ограничений человека, а также применение этого понимания являются основными элементами человеческого фактора.

14. Человеческий фактор подкрепляется большим объемом знаний.

Exercise 6.1.13 Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations.

Aviation system, Human Factors, performance, human, important, emergency, make a decision, knowledge, machine, communication, safe and efficient, specialists, study, training, crew, ATC controllers, provide.

Exercise 6.1.14 Retell the text.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-29