The Effects of the Weather on Aviation

Exercise 8.2.1 Read and translate the text.

Except perhaps for local or very short flights, a pilot, before taking off, obtains a weather forecast giving him the weather conditions which are expected along the route of his flight and at his destination. Because weather conditions affect aircraft in flight, to a considerable extent, special aviation forecasts are provided by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world.

The meteorologist, or forecaster, prepares a weather chart which shows the current weather conditions over the whole country. The current weather chart is called a synoptic chart. This synoptic chart shows the areas of low pressure, the areas of high pressure, where precipitation is falling, and all other weather conditions across the country.

From this weather map, the forecaster can advise pilots of the weather conditions they can expect to encounter during their flights. A high pressure area, for instance usually means good weather while a low pressure area usually involves one or more fronts producing clouds and precipitation over many hundreds of miles.

Pilots will pay particular attention to a low pressure area which lies en route, and the weather conditions associated with that low pressure area. The associated cold or warm fronts could involve clouds, thunderstorm, snow, rain, and turbulence. From his charts, the meteorologist can forecast where this weather will be at a certain time in the future, and with the help of these predictions, the pilot will decide which route to fly and when and he will know what weather conditions to expect. Should the forecast be very bad, for example, dense fog or poor visibility due to snow, the pilot may decide to postpone his flight. A pilot flying VFR would also cancel his flight because of low ceiling or low overcast conditions en route.

A pilot needs to know the wind direction and speed. A headwind will obviously delay the arrival of flights and is to be avoided if at all possible. A tailwind on the other hand, can be of great advantage as it increases the ground speed and results in a reduction in fuel consumption. Winds vary with altitude, and also from one place to another, so information on winds is very important.

Wind blowing between areas of different air pressure, has an important influence on aircraft operations. A pilot needs to know how the wind will affect his aircraft. He needs to know things about the wind: its direction and its speed. The wind direction is where it is blowing from and the wind speed is how fast the wind is blowing. ATC gives to a pilot information about the surface wind, that is the wind at ground level, in the following way: surface wind is 180/20. This means the wind is blowing from the south at a speed of 20 knots.

The words used to describe how strong the wind is are: calm, breeze, strong, gale (very strong), storm.

Calm means that there is no wind; storm means that the wind is very strong. A sudden increase in wind speed lasting only a few seconds is called a gust and the wind is described as gusting.

A squall is similar to a gust but lasts longer. ATC might pass the following information to a pilot: surface wind is 280/15 gusting 25.

Wind shear is the word used by ATC to warn pilots of a sudden change in wind direction or speed. Wind shear is a rapid change in wind speed or direction over a short distance horizontally or vertically. It can occur at any height, but is far more dangerous when encountered close the ground.

When wind shear is forecast or is reported by aircraft, ATC will warn other aircraft until such time as aircraft report the phenomenon no longer exists.

e.g. G-GD at 0745 a departing B-757 reported wind shear at 800 feet airspeed loss 20 kts.

Jet streams are high level winds which are very important for navigation because they blow very fast. They can blow faster than 200 knots.

Visibility is how far you can see in the weather conditions when you are flying. Visibility can affect flight operations.

Turbulence happens when the smooth flow of air is disturbed by something in its path on the ground or by rising or descending air.

Turbulence can be light, moderate and severe. In severe turbulence an aircraft can lose or gain a lot of height.

Clear air turbulence, or CAT, occurs at high altitudes away from clouds. It is normally associated with jet streams.

Information about significant changes in metconditions in the take-off or climb area is transmitted without delay, e.g. changes in surface wind direction and speed, visibility, RVR, air temperature, thunderstorm, moderate or severe turbulence, wind shear, hail, moderate or severe icing, severe line squall, freezing rain, sand storm, dust storm, blowing snow, tornado, waterspout.

Exercise 8.2.2 Answer the question.

1 I heard the weather forecast on the radio this morning. It said it was going to rain. Is it raining now? Does it always rain just because it is forecast? Is the weather forecast important to the pilot? To a sailor? To a motorist? To whom is the weather forecast important? What is the weather forecast for today? For tomorrow? When does a pilot need the weather forecast, before or after the flight?

2 A meteorologist is qualified to forecast the weather. Can a meteorologist forecast the weather? Can a meteorologist prepare a weather map? What can a meteorologist do? Can a farmer forecast the weather? A sailor? How does a farmer forecast the weather? A sailor? A meteorologist?

3 The current weather conditions in this area are good/poor/cloudy/overcast etc. Look out of the window and describe the current weather. Are you interested in the current weather? In tomorrow's weather? In yesterday's weather? Why are you only interested in the current weather and in tomorrow's weather? Why is the pilot more interested in the weather forecast than in the present weather?

4 Does a meteorologist prepare the synoptic chart? Does he prepare the navigational hart? What chart does a meteorologist prepare?

5 Does a low pressure area bring poor weather? Does a low pressure area also bring good weather? What sort of weather does a low pressure area bring? Can a low pressure area affect an area many hundreds of miles away? Can it bring clouds/rain/snow/hail/other precipitation? Cana meteorologist show a low pressure area on his chart? Who is interested in a low pressure area? way is a pilot interested in a low pressure area?

6 Does a high pressure area bring fair weather? Sunny skies? Clear days? Does a meteorologist show a high pressure area on a synoptic chart? How does he show a high or a low pressure area on his synoptic chart?

7 Is rain precipitation? Snow? Hail? Turbulence? Wind? Name the kinds of precipitation.

8 Is a headwind in front of the aircraft? Do pilots like headwinds? Does a plane consume more or less fuel with a headwind? Does a plane go faster or slower with a headwind Does a plane arrive early or late with a headwind?

9 If headwinds are in front of a plane, are tailwinds in the rear? Are tailwinds good for fuel consumption? What winds do pilots prefer? Why do pilots prefer tailwinds?

10 If a pilot travels a distance of 100 miles in one hour is his groundspeed 100 mph? If he travels a distance of 60 miles in one hour what is his ground speed? What type of wind affects his ground speed?

11 Is a front shown on a weather map? Does a forecaster show a front on a synoptic chart? Does he show a front on the synoptic chart to the pilot? To the navigator? To the radio maintenance technician? To whom does he show a front on the synoptic chart? How many types of fronts are there?

12 Do we find cold fronts on a weather map? On a navigation map? On what sort of maps do we find cold fronts? Does a meteorologist prepare a weather map showing the cold fronts? Does a pilot prepare a weather map showing the cold fronts? Who prepares a weather map showing the cold fronts?

13 Is a warm front also found on a weather map? Can pilots recognize a warm front on a weather map? Does everyone recognize a warm front on a weather map? Who recognizes a warm front on a weather map?

14 A low ceiling means that the clouds are low. Are the clouds low today? Do we have a low ceiling? Would the ceiling today trouble a pilot? Is 800 feet a low ceiling? 15,000 feet? What do you consider is a low ceiling of clouds? What effect can a low ceiling have on flying?

15 With a low ceiling are there many clouds in the sky? Are there more clouds in the sky when the sky is overcast? Can you see any blue sky when the sky is overcast? What colour is the sky when it is overcast?

Exercise 8.2.3 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

VFR; IFR; ATC; e.g; kts; CAT; RVR.

Exercise 8.2.4 Write T if the sentence is true and F if the sentence is false.

1. A pilot, before taking off, does not obtain weather.

2. Weather conditions don’t affect aircraft in flight.

3. Special aviation forecasts are provided by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world.

4. A weather chart shows the current weather conditions over the whole country.

5. The current weather chart is called a map.

6. This synoptic chart does not show the areas of low pressure, the areas of high pressure, where precipitation is falling, and all other weather conditions across the country.

7. A low pressure area, for instance usually means good weather while a high pressure area usually involves one or more fronts producing clouds and precipitation over many hundreds of miles.

8. Pilots will pay particular attention to a low pressure area which lies en route.

9. Should the forecast be very bad, for example, dense fog or poor visibility due to snow, the pilot may decide to postpone his flight.

10 A pilot flying VFR would also cancel his flight because of low ceiling or low overcast conditions en route.

11. A tailwind will obviously delay the arrival of flights and is to be avoided if at all possible.

12. A headwind on the other hand, can be of great advantage as it increases the ground speed and results in a reduction in fuel consumption.

13.Winds don’t vary with altitude so information on winds is not very important.

14.A pilot needs to know how the wind will affect his aircraft..

15. The wind direction is where it is blowing to.

16.Wind shear can occur at any height, but is far more dangerous when encountered close the ground.

17.Jet streams are high level winds which are not very important for navigation.

18.Visibility cannot affect flight operations.

19. Clear air turbulence, or CAT, occurs at low altitudes away from clouds.

20. Information about significant changes in metconditions in the take-off or climb area is transmitted without delay

Exercise 8.2.5 Give the English equivalents for the following.

прогноз погоды;

погодные условия ожидаемые по маршруту полета;

пункт назначения; влияют на самолет;

до определенного предела;

синоптик готовит погодную карту;

существующие погодные условия;

синоптическая карта зоны высокого давления;

выпадают осадки; используя эту карту;

синоптик может сообщить пилоту;

могут встретится во время полета;

обратят внимание на; связанные с зоной низкого давления;

синоптик может прогнозировать;

означает хорошую погоду;

фронты могут формировать облачность;

грозы, снег, дождь и турбулентность;

синоптик может прогнозировать;

пилот решит, каким маршрутом лететь;

какие погодные условия ожидать;

если прогноз будет очень плохим;

решить отложить свой полет;

выполняющий полет по ПВП;

из-за низкой границы облачности;

очевидно; задерживать прибытие рейса;

его следует избегать всеми возможными способами;

быть большим преимуществом;

увеличивает путевую скорость;

уменьшает потребление горючего;

ветры изменяются;

дующие между зонами с различным воздушным давлением;

оказывают значительное влияние на;

откуда дует ветер;

ветер на уровне земли;

для описания силы ветра;

штиль; бриз; резкое увеличение;

длится дольше;

резкое изменение; более опасный;

предупреждать;

это явление больше не существует;

плавный поток воздуха возбуждается

Exercise 8.2.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and word combinations.

Forecaster, current weather, a synoptic chart, predictions, postpone, gale, to last, sudden change, occur, delay considerable

Exercise 8.2.7 State what part of speech of following words belong to.

1. forecast

a) preposition b) noun, c) adverb d) adjective

2. affect

a) preposition b) verb c) article d) adjective

3. considerable

a) noun b) verb c) adjective d) article

4. toforecast

a) pronoun b) article c) verb d) adverb

5. advise

a) verb b) noun c) adverb d) adjective

6. advice

a) adjective b) noun c) verb d) article

7. involve

a) noun b) adverb c) verb d) preposition

8. produce

a) noun b) preposition c) pronoun d) verb

9. vary

a) preposition b) noun c) pronoun d) verb

10. last

a)adverb b) verb c) pronoun d) article

Exercise 8.2.8 Match the words and word combinations in column A with those in column B.

a)

A	B
1. to a considerable extent	a. значительный степени
2. affect an aircraft in flight	b. прогноз погоды
3. expected along the route	c. погодные условия
4. precipitation is falling	d. ожидаемые по маршруту
5. forecasts are provided by meteorologists	e. влияют на самолет в полете
6. forecaster prepares a weather chart	f. прогнозы предоставляются синоптиками
7. a weather forecast	g. прогнозист готовит карту погоды
8. weather conditions	h. по всей стране
9. over the whole country	i. выпадают осадки
10. weather conditions across the country	j. погодные условия страны

b)

A	B
1. where this weather will be at a certain time	a. встретиться во время полета
2. of a great advantage	b. фронты, формирующие облака
3. with the help of these predictions	c. обращать внимание на
4. the pilot may decide to postpone his flight	d. где эта погода будет в определенное время
5. is similar to a gust but lasts longer	e. при помощи этих предсказаний
6. encounter during the flights	f. если прогноз будет очень плохой
7. fronts producing clouds	g. пилот может решить отложить свой полет
8. result in reduction in fuel consumption	h. большое преимущество
9. should the forecast be very bad	i. приводить к уменьшению потребления горючего
10. pay attention to	j. подобен порыву, но длится дольше

Exercise 8.2.9 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. Because weather conditions affect aircraft in flight, to a considerable extent, special aviation forecasts are _______________ by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world. (provided, given ensure).

2. The current weather chart is called a _______________ chart.(synoptic, weather, meteorological).

3. This synoptic chart shows the areas of low pressure, the areas of high pressure, where precipitation is…, and all other weather conditions across the country (falling, coming down dropping).

4. The forecaster can advise pilots of the weather conditions they can expect to _______________ during their flights. (encounter, meet, run).

5.A high pressure area, for instance usually _______________ good weather while a low pressure area usually _______________ one or more fronts producing clouds and precipitation over many hundreds of miles.(means, indicates, shows).

6. Pilots will pay particular _______________ a low pressure area which lies en route.(attention to).

7. The associated cold or warm fronts could _______________ clouds, thunderstorm, snow, rain, and turbulence.(involve, implicate, draw in).

8. A headwind will _______________ delay the arrival of flights. (obviously, evidently, apparently).

9. A tailwind on the other hand, can be of great __________ as it increases the ground speed and results in a reduction in fuel consumption.(advantage, point, odds).

10. Winds _______________ with altitude, and also from one place to another, so information on winds is very important.(vary, change, reverse).

Exercise 8.2.10 Fill in the gaps with the related words.

1. Because weather conditions affect aircraft in flight, to a _______________ (consider) extent, ___________(specially) aviation forecasts are provided by meteorologists at weather offices all over the world.

2. The ____________(meteorology), or forecaster, prepares a weather chart

3. From this weather map, the forecaster can __________(adviCe) pilots of the weather conditions.

4. A high pressure area, for instance usually means good weather while a low pressure area usually involves one or more fronts _______________ (production) clouds and precipitation over many hundreds of miles.

5. Pilots will pay particular attention to a low pressure area which lies en route, and the weather conditions _______ (associatION) with that low pressure area.

6.From his charts, the meteorologist can forecast where this weather will be at a certain time in the future, and with the help of these _________ (predict), the pilot will decide which route to fly and when and he will know what weather conditions to expect.

7. Should the forecast be very bad, for example, __________ (density) fog or poor visibility due to snow, the pilot may decide to postpone his flight.

8. A pilot flying VFR would also_______________ (cancellation) his flight because of low ceiling or low overcast conditions en route.

9. A pilot needs to know the wind _______________ (direct) and speed.

10. A headwind will obviously delay the _______________ (arrive) of flights.

11. Winds _______________ (variation) with altitude, and also from one place to another, so information on winds is very important.

12. Wind blowing between areas of (differ) air pressure, has an important influence on aircraft operations.

13. ATC gives a pilot _______________ (inform) about the surface wind

14. This (meaningly) the wind is blowing from the south at a speed of 20 knots.

15.The words used to (descriptive) how strong the wind is are: calm, breeze, strong, gale (very strong), storm.

Exercise 8.2.11 Fill in the prepositions if necessary.

1. _______________ perhaps for local or very short flights, a pilot, _______________ taking off, obtains a weather forecast giving him the weather conditions which are expected _______________ the route ___________his flight and _______________ his destination.

2. Because weather conditions affect aircraft _______________ flight, to a considerable extent, special aviation forecasts are provided _______________ meteorologists _______________ weather offices all _______________ the world.

3. This synoptic chart shows the areas _______________ low pressure, the areas _______________ high pressure, where precipitation is falling, and all other weather conditions _______________ the country.

4. _______________ this weather map, the forecaster can advise pilots _______________ the weather conditions they can expect to encounter _______________ their flights.

5. Pilots will pay particular attention ___________a low pressure area which lies en route, and the weather conditions associated __________ that low pressure area.

6. _______________ his charts, the meteorologist can forecast where this weather will be _______________ a certain time _______________ the future, and _______________ the help of these predictions, the pilot will decide which route to fly and when.

7. A headwind will obviously delay the arrival _______________ flights and is to be avoided if _______________ all possible.

8. A tailwind can be _______________ great advantage as it increases the ground speed and results _______________ a reduction _______________ fuel consumption.

9.Wind blowing _______________ areas …different air pressure, has an important influence … aircraft operations.

10.A pilot needs to know how the wind will affect _______________ his aircraft.

11.He needs to know things _______________ the wind: its direction and its speed.

12. The wind direction is where it is blowing _______________

13. ATC gives a pilot information _______________ the surface wind, that is the wind __________ ground level, _______________ the following way: surface wind is 180/20.

14. This means the wind is blowing _______________ the south _______________ a speed of 20 knots.

15. A sudden increase __________ wind speed lasting only a few seconds is called a gust and the wind is described ____________ gusting.

16.A squall is similar _______________ a gust but lasts longer.

17. ATC might pass the following information _______________ a pilot: surface wind is 280/15 gusting 25.

18. Wind shear is a rapid change _______________ wind speed or direction _______________ a short distance horizontally or vertically.

19. It can occur _______________ any height.

20.When wind shear is forecast or is reported ___________ aircraft, ATC will warn other aircraft _______________ such time as aircraft report the phenomenon no longer exists.

21.Turbulence happens when the smooth flow _______________ air is disturbed _______________ something _______________ its path _______________ the ground or _______________ rising or descending air.

22. ______________ severe turbulence an aircraft can lose or gain a lot ______________ height.

23. Clear air turbulence occurs _______________ high altitudes away _______________ clouds.

24. It is normally associated _______________ jet streams.

25. Information _______________ significant changes _______________ metconditions ___________the take-off or climb area is transmitted __________ delay, e.g. changes _______________ surface wind direction and speed, visibility, RVR, air temperature, thunderstorm, moderate or severe turbulence, wind shear, hail, moderate or severe icing, severe line squall, freezing rain, sand storm, dust storm, blowing snow, tornado, waterspout.

Exercise 8.2.12 Make up sentences using the given words.

1. might/ the following/ ATC/ information /pass /to/ a pilot:/ surface wind is 280/15 gusting 25.

2. any/ wind/ at / can /height/ shear /occur

3.shear/ dangerous /close /far/ encountered/ when/ the ground /is/ more/ wind

5. warn/ is/ wind/ when/ shear other / forecast/ ATC/ will/ aircraft

6. because/ jet/ very/ navigation/ important/ for/ they are/ blow/ very streams/ fast.

7. blow/ 200/they /faster /than / knots. can

8. operations / affect /visibility/ can/ flight.

9. by/when /happens/ the/ is /smooth /air /turbulence/ flow /of/disturbed/something

10.In/ lose/severe/height/ aircraft or/ gain/ a lot of/ turbulence an/ can

11. without/ area/ is/ information/ significant/ in/ take-off/ or/ changes/ climb/ transmitted about/ the/ delay.

Exercise 8.2.13 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Пилот перед взлетом получает прогноз погоды

2. Метеоролог готовит карту погоды, которая показывает существующие погодные условия по всей стране.

3. На синоптической карте видны зоны низкого давления, зоны высокого давления, где выпадают осадки и все другие погодные условия по всей стране.

4. Используя эту карту, синоптик может сообщить пилоту о погодных условиях, которые могут встретиться во время полета.

5.Зона высокого давления, например, обычно означает хорошую погоду, в то время, как зона низкого давления обычно привлекает один или более фронтов, которые формируют облака и осадки на много сотен миль.

6. Взаимодействующие холодный и теплый фронты могут вызывать облачность, грозы, снег, дождь и турбулентность.

7. Используя эти карты, синоптик может прогнозировать, где эта погода будет в определенное время в будущем.

8. С помощью этих предсказаний, пилот решит каким маршрутом лететь и когдаю

9. Он будет знать, какие погодные условия ожидать.

10. Если прогноз будет очень плохой, например, густой туман или плохая видимость из-за снега, пилот может решить отложить свой полет.

11. Пилот, выполняющий полет по ПВП, отложит свой полет из-за низкой границы облачности или из-за сплошной облачности по маршруту.

12. Встречный ветер будет, очевидно, задерживать прибытие рейса и его следует избегать всеми возможными способами.

13. Попутный ветер, с другой стороны, может быть большим преимуществом, так как он увеличивает путевую скорость и приводит к уменьшению потребления горючего.

14. Ветры изменяются с высотой и также от местонахождения, поэтому информация о ветрах очень важна.

15.Ветры дующие между зонами с различным воздушным давлением оказывают значительное влияние на выполнение полетов.

16. Пилоту надо знать, как ветер будет влиять на его самолет.

17. Это означает, что ветер дует с юга со скоростью 20 узлов

18. Слова, которые используются для описания силы ветра: штиль, бриз, сильный, штормовой (очень сильный), шторм

19. Штиль означает, что ветра нет.

20. Шторм означает, что ветер очень сильный.

21. Резкое увеличение скорости ветра, которое длиться только несколько секунд называется порыв.

22 Шквал подобен порыву, но длится дольше.

23. Сдвиг ветра это слово, которое используется УВД, чтобы предупредить пилота о резком изменении направления и скорости ветра.

24.Сдвиг ветра это резкое изменение скорости и направлении ветра на коротком расстоянии горизонтально или вертикально. Он может возникать на любой высоте, но он более опасный, когда встречается близко у земли.

25. Когда сдвиг ветра прогнозируется или доложен бортом, УВД будет предупреждать другие самолеты до того времени, пока ВС не доложит, что это явление больше не существует.

26. Во время сильной турбулентности самолет может сильно потерять или набрать высоту.

27.Турбулентность чистого неба или CAT возникает на больших высотах вне облачности.

28. Информация о значительных изменениях в метеоусловиях в зоне взлета или набора высоты передается без задержки.

Exercise 8.2.14 Make up your own sentences using the words and word combinations.

Forecaster, current weather, a synoptic chart, predictions, postpone, gale, to last, sudden change, occur, delay, considerable, involves one or more fronts, precipitation, pay particular attention to, the associated cold or warm fronts, dense fog, to postpone his flight, an important influence on, affect his aircraft, a reduction in.

Exercise 8.2.15. What do these words and word combinations state for:

Synoptic chart; Headwind; Meteorologist; Front; Weather forecast; Precipitation; Overcast; Current weather conditions; Area of low pressure (low pressure area); Ceiling; Area ofhigh pressure (high pressure area); Cold front; Tailwind; Warm front; Ground speed;

Exercise 8.2.16 Retell the text.

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