Useful phrases and transition devices

Steps in annotating

Requirements for Annotations

Annotation (Ukr: анотацiя) is а shortened version of а text aimed at giving the most important information or ideas of the text.

А good annotation satisfies the following requirements:

1. It condenses the source text and offers а balanced coverage of the original.

2. It is written in the writer's own words.

3. It does not evaluate the source text and is written in а generally neutral manner.

4. The first sentence of the annotation contains the name of the author of а summarized text, its title, and the main idea.

5. The annotation uses enough supporting detail and transition devices that show the logical relationship of the ideas.

6. It satisfies the requirements set to its length (which may be quite different; however, for а rather short text, the annotation is usually between one-third and one-fourth of its length).

1. Skim the original text and think about the author's purpose and main idea of the text. 2. Try to divide the text into sections, or, if it has subheadings, think about the idea and important information that each section contains. 3. Now read the text again highlighting with а marker important information in each section or taking notes. You may also write an outline of the text. 4. Try to write а one-sentence annotation of each section /part of the outline in your own words; avoid any evaluation or comments. Use the words and expressions synonymous to those used by the author of а summarized text. 5. Decide what key details may be added to support the main point of the text and write them down. 6. Write the first sentence of the annotation with the name of the author of а summarized text, its title, and the main idea. 7. Add appropriate transition devices to show the logical relationship of the ideas and to improve the flow of the annotation. 8. Go through the process again making appropriate changes if necessary.

1. The title of the text (abstract).	The text is headlined... The headline of the text I have read is...
2. The main idea of the text.	The main idea of the text is... The text is about... The text deals with... The text touches upon... The text is concerned with … The text is devoted to... The text dwells upon… The text highlights… The text discusses… The text presents… The purpose of the text is to give the reader some information on... The intention of the text is… The subject of the text is… The aim of the text is to provide the reader with some material (data) on...
3. The contents of the text, problems raised in it. Some facts, names, figures.	a) The author starts by telling the reader that... At the beginning of the text the author describes (dwells on, touches upon, explains) that… b) The author writes (states, stresses, describes, thinks, points out) that... The author also provides the information on… The problems of… are considered … are covered. … are formulated. … are also presented. … are studied. Thereafter, … The text describes... It was noted… The second part is concerned with… c) According to the text... Further the author reports (says)... First,…second,… Then (after that, further on, next) the author passes on to, goes on to say that…, gives a detailed (brief) analysis (description). The text goes on to say that... d) In conclusion... The author comes to the conclu­sion that... The general consideration are supported by… The text ends with… The text ends with the depiction (analysis) of…
4. Target group.	The text is interesting, useful for (students, pupils, scientists etc).

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