Тренировочные упражнения. Употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге

To be + Participle II

Употребление временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге

Употребление временных форм глагола в действительном залоге

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

(Active Form)

(на примере правильного глагола to ask - спрашивать)

Инфинитив Время	Simple (to ask)	Continuous (to be asking)	Perfect (to have asked)
Present	ask asks (he, she, it)	am		have
is are	asking	has asked (he, she, it)
Past	asked	was were	asking	had asked
Future	shall (I, we) will ask	shall	he asking	shall
will	will have asked

(Passive Form)

(в соответствующем времени)

Инфинитив Время	Simple (to be asked)	Continuous	Perfect (to have been asked)
Present	am is asked are	am is are	being asked	have has been asked
Past	was 1 were J asked	was were	J" being asked	had been asked
Future	shall (I, we) will be asked	--	shall will have been asked

Упражнение 1

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на время и залог сказуемого.

1. Elevation differences are always introducing temperature changes.

2. Closed isotherms separate the city from the general tem­perature field, and this condition has become known as the «urban heat island».

3. The differences between the urban and the rural area depend on the synoptic conditions.

4. Radiation is the physical process by which energy is emitted from a source in the form of electromagnetic waves.

5. The electromagnetic waves travel along straight paths until they hit objects from which they are partly reflected and partly absorbed.

3. For large-scale processes the pressure can be regarded as a measure of the weight of the atmosphere above a given level.

4. The temperature distribution is used to classify the va­rious layers of the atmosphere.

5. The circumstances that produce the charge separation have not been fully understood.

6. Circulation systems are produced by changes of eleva­tion, differences between land and water, differences in ther­mal properties of the ground.

Упражнение 2

Переведите предложения, учитывая видовременную форму сказуемого.

1. An observer collects snow samples once a day.

2. The field of urban climatology has grown rapidly in recent years.

3. The winds blowing back towards the equator are mo­ving from a region of slower eastward movement into the region of fastest movement.

4. Temperatures do not vary gradually from the tro­pics towards the poles.

5. Upon striking the ground, the water froze.

6. Positive current will flow from the upper cloud por­tion to the ionosphere.

7. The vast majority of thunderstorms over the tropics produce no rain.

Упражнение 3

Определите время и залог сказуемого. Пере­ведите предложения.

1. The radiation from the earth's surface is с a 11 ed terrestrial radiation.

2. Many tests have been performed with wind shielding.

3 Certain limited features of global climate can be studied by physical models.

4. Synoptic weather observations are done simulta­neously everywhere on earth, in intervals of 3 hours.

5. The extent of snow cover was seen in satellite pictures.

6 Microwaves are reflected by raindrops and ice crystals.

7. If burning of fossil fuels is not limited the atmosphere's carbon dioxide will be doubled some time near the middle of the 21 st century.

Упражнение 4

Выберите правильную форму сказуемого, (Active voice — Passive voice). Переведите предложения.

1. The mechanisms of air-mass modification (treat/are treated) separately.

2. Surface cooling (produces/is produced) a temperature inversion which greatly (limits/is limited) the vertical extent of the cooling,

3. The moisture (supplies/is supplied) from the underlying surface.

4. Ascent or descent of air (causes/is caused) adiabatic changes of temperature.

5. One approximate means of indirect measurement (ba­ses/is based) on the moisture balance equation.

6. The technique (allows/is allowed) the determination of daily evapotranspiration amounts.

7. Potential evapotranspiration (calculates/is calculated) as the difference between precipitation and percolation.

8. The snow-covered source regions of these two air mas­ses (lead/are led) to marked cooling of lower layers.

Упражнение 5

Измените предложения из действительного в страдательный залог.

1. The atmosphere warms or cools the ocean.

2. Stratosphere absorbs energy from the incoming sun­light.

3. Interactions between land, sea, air, and ice affect the workings of the weather machine.

4. Different groups of scientists developed the General Cir­culation Models.

5. These models produce a variety of estimates.

6. Motor vehicles cause the air pollution.

Упражнение 6

Переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкции.

1. The modern scientific forecasts of weather can be fully relied upon.

2. Heat is radiated by the Sun to the earth, but the land, the sea, and the air are affected differently by this radiation.

3. We live at the bottom of an ocean of air, and our lives are influenced by the change and movement of this gas.

4. Single atoms of oxygen are seldom met with.

5. We were shown a number of experiments illustrating the presence of high-energy particles in the cosmic radiation.

6. The runoff from such glaciers is being utilized for different purposes, and as a consequence hydrologic investigations have been made or are being made in connection with these supplies.

7. Illinois was affected by the drought but to a lesser degree than the neighboring states.

8. The infiltration capacity is affected by antecedent precipitation.

Упражнение 7

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.

1. Flood hazards are influenced by the terrain in other ways.

2. Severe floods are occasionally produced by intense rainstorms in summer.

3. Discharge measurements are made in several ways.

4. The downstream flow of a stream is checked by friction.

5. Percolation is favored by a slow, steady precipitation, pervious soil, and flat slopes.

6. The arte of percolation is also affected by the initial condition of soil.

7. The mean velocity of a stream can only be computed after the discharge itself has been ascertained.

8. Little reliance can be placed upon results obtained in this manner unless the characteristics of the two watersheds are identical.

Упражнение 8

Поставьте глаголы-сказуемые следующих предложений в формы времени Past, Future Indefinite, а также в форму времени Present Perfect.

1. Evaporation attracts the interest of many scientists.

2. It is difficult to assess the reliability of the method.

3. The discharge is measured twice daily.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27