What management is

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(1) Management is the process of working through people to achieve objectives by means of effective decision-making and using scarce physical, human and financialresources. Management can be found in any organization, whenever and wherever people are organized to work together toward a common goal. Without manage-ment a lot of time and effort can be wasted. Larger and more complex enterprises simply could not exist without managers performing their functions.

(2) The word ” management” itself has at least four meanings. It can refer to 1) an

individual who performs managerial activities; 2) an occupational group consisting of all the people who supervise and direct the activities of others; 3) a discipline of study or 4) the process itself – the process of performing managerial activities.

(3) There are usually three levels of management in large organizations: 1) top, or

administrative management; 2) middle, or intermediate management; 3) supervisory, or first-line management. All these managers have varying amounts of authority and responsibility. Top or administrative management has overall responsibility for the whole organization and also has the authority to run it. At the top of a company’s management team is the president or chairperson of the board, who serves as the chief executive officer (CEO). Next in rank come the vice- presidents, who coordinate the performance of such major operating functions as production, finance, marketing, and personnel. All of these officers are top, or administrative management. Middle, or intermediate management, is responsible for a lower-level division or department but it is still in the upper level. At this level management is accountable for tactical plans and directing employees to meet the objectives. Supervisory, or first-line managers control smaller organizational units or groups (offices, laboratories, etc). They give specific, detailed instructions to their employees and are concerned with the day-to-day routine of coordinating the work of specialized labour. They are the bosses most of us come in contact with every day.

(4) There are many areas that require management, the most common are finance, production, human resources, sales, marketing, as well as public relations, research and development. The process of managing a country’s affairs on both national and local levels is referred to as public administration. The service responsible for public administration is known as the civil or public service. People working in the area of civil service are regarded as civil servants. The field of public administration covers economic development of the country, its environment and education, housing and welfare policy, transportation and public health, etc.

(5) Management involves planning, organizing, directing and controlling, which are the four basic managerial functions. Planning is selecting and deciding how to achieve goals. Organizing is placing employees where they will be most effective. Directing involves leading, guiding and motivating employees to work effectively. Controlling is measuring results against the objectives of organization and taking corrective actions.

(6) Although managers in large business organizations, government offices, hospitals and schools may differ in backgrounds and lifestyles they must make decisions involving several alternatives and outcomes. The ultimate results of these decisions may influence the survival of the whole of the organization or programme. On the basis of management decision - making billions of dollars in resources are allocated worldwide every year. Government organizations make decisions that influence the life of every citizen in the country.

Примечаниe:

tор manager руководитель высшего звена, администратор,

управляющий

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27