The formation of the Present Perfect

ЧАСИ ГРУПИ PERFECT

Grammar Review

Read the text and choose the best answer

Answer questions.

Oral Practice

1) What is the most important characteristic of a small business?

2) What criteria are used for defining small business?

3) What terms describe the size of a small business?

4) What operations of a small business are subject to review?

3.2 Match the following:

1. платіжна відомість;

2. валовий прибуток;

3. прибуток;

4. чистий прибуток;

5. сума балансу;

6. власний капітал.

a. A surplus after all the expenses have been paid, including operating expenses such as heat, light, rent and wages, but excluding taxes.

b. What is left from gross profit after business income taxes are paid.

c. All that a business own.

d. A list of employees who are paid periodically by a firm

e. A surplus that remains after the cost of goods is subtracted from the total receipts.

f. Net receipts, the total sales, less returns, allowance and discounts.

3.3 Combine a noun with a preposition to complete each sentence:

congratulations intention in of on

emphasis point

experience result

increase

1) We need to put more … improving staff morale rather than buying more equipment.

2) Have you had any … this type of work?

3) There seemed to be little … continuing the discussion.

4) They have been offered a considerable … salary in return for more flexibility.

5) I have no … resigning. It’s up to them to dismiss me if they aren’t satisfied.

6) By the way, … winning the Waverley contract.

7) As a … the adverse publicity, their sales went down.

1. A small business is one which is …

a. Independently owned and operated and dominant in its field of operation

b. Independently operated and not dominant in its field of operation

c. Independently owned and operated and not dominant in its field of operation

2. What is the most important characteristic of a small business?

a. The relative size of the firm must be small

b. Management of the firm is independent

c. The area of operation is mainly local

3. Why is it necessary to keep records of the business?

a. For bank loans

b. For wages

c. For tax purposes and as measure of growth

THE PERFECT FORM

The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb.

I. THE PRESENT PERFECT

1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the no­tional verb.

2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.

In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb.

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