Grammar Practice. Shall is never a purely modal verb

Need

Dare

Would

Will

Shall

Shall is never a purely modal verb. It always combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.

It expresses determination on the part of the speaker, i. e. compulsion or order, threat or warning, promise.

As a rule shall as a modal verb is not translated into Russian, its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.

1. Compulsion or strict order.

In this meaning it is always used with the second and third persons and has a strong stress.

Paula. I've got to tell Mr. Tanqueray.

Hugh. By God, you shall do nothing of the sort. (Plnero)

Паула. Я должна сказать мистеру Тэнкери.

Хью. Клянусь богом, вы этого не сделаете.

"She shall go off to-morrow, the little artful creature," said Mrs. Sedley, with great energy. (Thackeray)

«Она уедет завтра же, эта маленькая интриганка»,—энергично заявила миссис Седли.

In interrogative sentences shall is used in the first and third persons to inquire after the wish of the person addressed.

Shall I shut the door, ma'am? (Dickens) (Do you want me to shut the door?) Закрыть дверь, сударыня?

Shall he go there? (Do you want him to go there?) Идти ему туда?

2. Threat or warning.

In this meaning it is also used in the second and third persons and with a weak stress.

"That's the last time!" she cried. "You shall never see me again!" (Maugham) «Это конец! — закричала она.— Вы никогда меня больше не увидите!»

You shall repent of this neglect of duty, Mr. Gummer. (Dickens) Вы еще раскаетесь в том, что пренебрегаете долгом, мистер Гаммер.

3. Promise.

It is also used with the second and third persons and with a weak stress.

Don't be afraid, Jane, I saw it was an accident. You shall not be punished. (Ch. Bronte) He бойся, Джейн, я видела, что это произошло случайно. Тебя не накажут.

I shall make you happy, see if I don't. You shall do what you like, spend what you like. (Thackeray) Я сделаю вас счастливой, вот увидите. Вы будете делать, что хотите и тратить, сколько хотите.

Will is hardly ever a purely modal verb. It generally combines its modal meaning with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.

The modal verb will expresses volition, intention on the part of the speaker, or insistence.

1. Volition, intention.

In most cases this meaning is rendered in Russian by emphat­ic intonation, but sometimes the verb хотеть is used. It is used with all persons but mostly with the first person.

"What is this? Who is this? Turn this man out. Clear the office!" cried Mr. Fang. "I will speak," cried the man; "I will not be turned out..." (Dickens) «Что это? Кто это? Выставьте этого человека за дверь. Очи­стите помещение!» — закричал мистер Фанг. «Нет, я буду гово­рить! — крикнул человек. — Меня не выставят!»

Besides, since happiness is irrevocably denied me, I have a right to get pleasure out of life: and I will get it, cost what it may. (E. Bronte) Кроме того, раз счастье для меня невозможно, я вправе полу­чать от жизни удовольствия; и я буду получать их, чего бы это ни стоило.

Tell Mr, Osborne it is a cowardly letter, sir, a cowardly letter — I will not answer it. (Thackeray) Скажите мистеру Осборну, что это трусливое письмо, сэр, трусливое; я на него не отвечу.

Very often will is used after the conjunction if in conditional clauses where it retains its modal meaning, that of volition.

You may laugh if you will but I was sure I should see her there. (E. Bronte) Можете смеяться, если хотите, но я был уверен, что встречу ее там.

The modal verb will is used in polite requests.

Will you have a cup of tea? Will you give me a piece of bread, for I am very hungry? (Ch. Bronte)

Note — The modal verb will should not be confused with the auxiliary will in American English where there is a marked tendency to use it with all the persons.

2. Persistence referring to the present or to the future.

"Don't tell me." "But I will tell you," repeated Sikes. (Dickens) «He говорите мне про это». «А я все рапно скажу», — повто­рил Сайке.

She begins to act very strangely. She will not speak, she will not eat; finally she dies. (Maugham) Она начинает вести себя очень странно. Она не желает гово­рить, она не желает есть, наконец, она умирает.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things when the speaker is annoyed at something and speaks about a thing or a phenomenon of nature as if it possessed a will of its own (there is an element of personification here).

It's no use trying to open the door, it will not open. Нечего стараться открыть эту дверь — она все равно не откроется.

Would was originally the past tense of will in the same way as should was the past tense of shall. But while the latter has acquired new shades of meaning, would has preserved those of will. Thus it expresses volition, persistence referring to the past.

1. Volition.

In this meaning it is mostly used in negative sentences.

She was going away and would not say where she was going. (Dreiser) Она уезжала и не хотела сказать, куда едет.

2. Persistence.

I asked him not to bang the door, but he would do it. Я просил его не хлопать дверью, а он все продолжал хлопать.

Several times Eckerman tried to get away, but Goethe would not let him go. (Maugham) Несколько раз Эккерман пытался уйти, но Гёте ни за что не отпускал его.

It is also used in speaking about lifeless things in the same way as will, but in this use would is more common than will.

... and that was all he could see, for the sedan doors wouldn't open and the blinds wouldn't pull up. (Dickens)... и это было все, что ему было видно, ибо двери портшеза никак не открывались и занавеси никак не поднимались.

Dare means 'to have the courage (or impertinence) to do some­thing'. In the negative it denotes the lack of courage to do something.

"How dare you ask the little Kelveys into the courtyard," said her cold, furious voice. (Mansfield)

The verb dare as well as need has some peculiarities which make it different from other modal verbs.

It is used both as a normal verb (taking the auxiliary do in the interrogative and negative forms, -s in the third person singular and the to-Infinitive) and as an anomalous verb (without any auxilia­ry in its interrogative and negative forms, without -s in the third person singular and without the particle to before the infinitive which follows it). Dare has two forms — dare for the Present and dared for the Past.

Did he dare to strike me when I was down? (E. Bronte)

He did not dare to meet his uncle. (Kruistnga)

How dare you go out by yourself after the orders I gave you?

(Sham)

You dare address me in that tone! (Shaw)

Sometimes dare takes the auxiliary but is followed by the bare infinitive.

You know you didn't dare give the order to charge the bridge until you saw us on the other side. (Shaw)

Dare is mostly used in interrogative and negative sentences. However, we often come across / dare say which has become a stock phrase and acquired a new meaninig 'I suppose'. Dare is used only with the Indefinite Infinitive.

Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

You needn't be in such a fright. Take my arm. (Shaw) He надо так бояться. Возьмите меня под руку.

Note — When need is used in the meaning of 'to be in want of it is treated as a normal verb.

He needs a new pair of shoes.

Need has only one tense form — the Present. In the same way as dare, need is used as a normal and as an anomalous verb; the latter is much more common in colloquial English.

One need to be careful. (Zandvoort)

He did not need to be told twice. (Zandvoort)

hy need he bother us? (Krntslnga)

I am here. You needn't be afraid. (Qreene)

I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness. (Wilde)

Need is used both with the Indefinite and with the Perfect Infinitive.

I suppose I needn't have made that observation. (Pinero) Пожалуй, не к чему мне было делать такое замечание.

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