Natural Building Materials

TEXT 4. NATURAL BUILDING

Natural building is a style of construction which emphasizes the use of local and benign materials (low processed) and technologies. Methods include timber frame, straw bale, straw/clay, adobe, cob, hemp, natural plasters and finishes and stone masonry. These methods of construction combine current, state of the art of techniques with historical methods. These well constructed buildings such as timber frames, can easily stand for 500 to 1000 years and more. Other benefits include a healthier and environmentally sustainable building, energy efficiency, support of the local economy and social responsibility.

Labour intensive conversion of local, natural materials into building materials keeps money in the local economy. By contrast, highly processed materials available at big box stores are fabricated by large corporations in far away lands. Purchasing these materials leads to "capital flight" from the local community. Furthermore, local materials travel less distances and are often processed by-hand or with very low energy methods. This means that they have less “embodied energy” than highly processed materials.
From a building perspective, local materials encourage the re-introduction of vernacular architecture to a particular site. By contrast, many homes built today look the same in Southern California as they do in Northern Ontario. Natural buildings reflect the locale in which it is situated, its immediate environment, the community of skilled trades that inhabit the area and the larger community who support these buildings and their inhabitants.

Choosing natural building materials helps reduce the use of man-made materials. Additionally, it also minimizes the use of products that require a great deal of energy during manufacture and transport.

The focus is on simple construction methods that do no further damage to the environment, consume fossil fuel and are not sustainable.

1 - Adobe -Adobe continues to be one of the oldest building materials that remains in use to the present day. Adobe is made up of dirt mixed with water, and sometimes other fibers as well, to add additional strength. It is then sun-dried into the desired shape - which is most often like bricks - that are then stacked with a mud mortar in order to form a wall.

2 - Straw Bale - Straw bale building has become almost mainstream in the Southwestern parts of the United States. Straw is a renewable resource with excellent insulation properties that has the added benefit of being fire-resistant. Straw bale is also used as infill for timber frame building and also in a load bearing capacity to carry the weight of the roof.

3 - Cob -Cob is a sustainable material that can be traced back to ancient times and is a multi-faceted green building material. Cob structures are made with clay or sand, local earth and with added fibers like straw. It is all then made into a stiff mud that is formed into cobs. The materials are then mixed together and applied over a concrete or stone foundation.

4 - Wood -Wood continues to be one of the most commonly used building materials. However, for natural building purposes, the wood should be renewable and sustainably harvested. Wood is also used for frames, trim and flooring.

5 - Cord wood - Cord wood is similar to what is considered firewood. Using cord wood is resource-efficient because this type of wood may not have any other value.

6 - Bamboo - is fast-growing and strong for its weight. The sustainable material is used in many building applications. This includes a concrete replacement for rebars and as pins for straw bale building.

7 - Masonry -is also an ancient building material and includes brick and stone. Brick and stone are used for foundations, floors, walls, walkways and landscaping.

8 - Earth bags - are also referred to as sandbags. Long used by the military, they provide a strong protective barrier, especially against flooding. The success of using earth bags in this capacity has made them useful in a variety of building applications. This includes the building of massive, substantial walls that resist severe weather - as well as bombs and bullets.

9 - Earth - is used to construct different types of homes. A rammed earth technique, used since ancient times, is made up mostly of clay and sand material, then tamped or compressed into place - usually creating a flat vertical surface. The poured earth construction technique uses Portland cement as a binder and is then mixed and formed like concrete. The poured earth technique uses ordinary soil that is required to meet certain specifications.

10 - Reclaimed Materials -help reduce building waste. Modern day construction causes massive amounts of waste during the building process. Building waste reclaimed includes salvaged wood, doors, windows, piping, insulation and chunks of concrete. By using the reclaimed waste in the building process, it serves as a means of reducing the environmental impact on society.

b) Read the text again and make a list of essential topical vocabulary (10 to 15 words and word-combinations). Consult a dictionary to finalise the choice of the Russian equivalents.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-23