Additional Vocabulary and Grammar Consolidation Exercises

Ex 20. Phrasal verbs are semantically indivisible. They need special efforts to memorise and require much practice.

A) Study the list below and memorise the meaning of the phrasal verbs:

B) Translate the sentences with the phrasal verbs from texts 1 and 2 and some more examples:

hold up - поддерживать, подпирать	fill in - заполнить, залить
take up - занимать (место)	build in - встраивать, вделывать
keep out - не допускать, не впускать	carry away - уносить, выводить
finish off – доделать, завершить	dig away - выкапывать
put in - устанавливать

1. The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, lock­smiths, glass-cutters, etc. 2. The builder marks out the shape of the house on the site. 3. The workmen dig away the top-soil and cut trenches. 4. The workmen use the concrete to fill in the bottoms of the trenches. 5. The bricklayer will know where to build in the doors, win­dows and ventilators. 6. When the walls are at the level of the first floor he puts in the wooden floor joists. 7. The strong wooden beams will hold up the ceilings in the downstairs rooms. 8. When the roof is on, many different workmen can come and finish off the house. 9. Plumbers lay pipes to carry waste water away to the sewers. 10. Glaziers put glass in the window frames to keep out the wind and the rain. 11. The internal infrastructure includes extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space. 12. All electrical work, inside and outside the house, must be carried out by a qualified electrician. 13. Cabinet sales person should come down and mark out the layout of all the cabinets. 14. Mansard roof is made up of four slopes, two on each side of the home. 15 .Houses in regions with heavy rainfall or snow have slopping roofs to allow rainwater or melted snow to slide off easily. 16. Failing to plan such a huge project in detail can result in various elements of the job being built in the wrong order, slowing the project down and increasing the budget.

Ex. 21. The verbs to do and to make are semantically close but their combinability is different, compare: to do the woodwork / to make a house.

A) In text 2 find the verb to make and all the V+N combinations, as make a step, make a survey, etc. (10 word groups). Such word groups very often become set expressions (устойчивые выражения): to make a house ‘построить дом’

B) Translate the sentences with do and make (V+N combinations):

1. In the construction the first step to make is a careful survey of the site.

2. A surveyor measures the plot of land or site and makes a plan of it.

3. Without a blueprint the workmen would make all sorts of mistakes and waste a lot of time.

4. Further on quite a lot of people work together to make the house.

5. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.

6. The workmen mix cement, sand, pebbles and water in a cement mixer to make concrete.

7. When the walls of the house are too high for the bricklayer to reach, the first scaffold is made.

8. Today most of the woodwork is made at a joinery works.

9. Machines also make the joints ready for the men to fit the pieces together.

10. They are the men who make the ceilings and walls nice and smooth.

11. Building or buying a home is a very hard test and enormous responsibility. It’s pretty easy to do wrong and if you do you pull all your life.

12. Maintenance shall be done every four to nine years, depending of the quality of the wood.

13. I have a stone and mortar basement; we did extensive excavating to seal the outside of the foundation and also put in drains around the house.

14. You can do a search on the internet before deciding to build something.

15. Computations are done by structural engineers for high rise buildings for the proper size of foundations.

Ex. 22. Eхpress the following in one word, using the suffix - er/-or.

Model: The person who reads is a reader.

The person who builds is a builder.

1. The person who creates is... 2. The person whose occupation is to produce is.... 4. The person whose occupation is to construct is... 4. The person whose occupa­tion is to decorate is.... The person who is visiting is.... 6. The person who designs is … 7. The person who lives in Lon­don is …. 8. The person who lives in a vil­lage is.... 9. The person who lives in New York is.... 10. The person who lives in Syktyvkar is....

Ex. 23. Look through a list of names of occupations and professions. Consult a dictionary if you are not sure about some of the names.

1. a miner	15. a bricklayer
2. a doctor	16. a locksmith
3. a teacher	17. a mechanic
4. a builder	18. a student
5. a dentist	19. a watchmaker
6. a farmer	20. a musician
7. a pilot	21. a writer
8. a shoemaker	22. an actor
9. an architect	23. a singer
10. a fisherman	24. a designer
11. a driver	25. a welder
12. a painter	26. a building engineer
13. a carpenter	27. a plasterer
14. a photographer

A) Say a few sentences about the professions listed above.

Model: A miner is a worker. He works in a mine. He mines coal or other minerals.

B)Say a few words about the different professions of your friends and relations.

Ex. 24. Translate the sentences with is called / are called

A) The working plan of a building is called a blueprint.

The man who builds walls is called a bricklayer.

The highest beam of the roof is called the ridge.

The sloping beams are called raft­ers.

The workmen mix cement, sand, pebbles and water in a cement mixer to make concrete. They use the concrete to fill in the bottoms of the trenches. This is called laying the foundations.

Solid brick masonry is made of two or more layers of bricks with the units running horizontally (called "stretcher" bricks) bound together with bricks running transverse to the wall (called "header" bricks). Each row of bricks is known as a course.

Residential buildings are called houses/homes, though buildings containing large numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings/blocks to differentiate them from the more 'individual' house.

Ex. 25. Answer the following questions and then make up your own sentences to describe something or somebody or some procedure:

1. What is called a survey?
2. What is called a scaffold?
3. What is called plastering?
4. What is called joinery?
5. Who is called a plumber?
6. Who is called a glazier?
7. Who is called a surveyor?
8. Who is called a carpenter?

Ex. 26. Text 2 has several sentences with infinitives in the function of adverbial modifier of purpose, e.g.: The workmen mix cement, sand, pebbles and water in a cement mixer to make concrete. - ‘Рабочие смешивают в бетономешалке цемент, песок, щебень и воду, чтобы получить бетон ’.

A) Translate the sentences with simple infinitives and for-phrases:

1. The architect draws plans to show the size of the house, the shape of the rooms and where all the fittings must go in the house.

2. The workmen mix cement, sand, pebbles and water in a cement mixer to make concrete.

3. The workmen use the concrete to fill in the bottoms of the trenches.

4. Machines make the joints ready for the men to fit the pieces together.

5. Plumbers lay pipes to carry clean water into the house from the water main.

6. Plumbers also lay pipes to carry waste water away to the sewers.

7. Scaffolds are made of tubes and planks for the work­men to stand on.

8. Glaziers put glass in the window frames to keep out the wind and the rain.

B) Make up similar sentences based on the suggested situations from text 2:

1. A surveyor measures the plot of land or site and makes a plan of it.

2. The architect makes a blueprint and the workmen would make no mistakes and waste no time.

3. As the bricklayer works he often looks at the plans. Then he will know where to build in the doors, win­dows and ventilators.

4. Doors, window frames and even the stairs all come to the building site on lorries. They are ready to be fixed in the houses.

5. Plasterers do their work and make the ceilings and walls nice and smooth.

Ex. 27. Translate the sentences with the verb-predicate in the Passive Voice:

1. A building is a civil engineering construction which is raised on a foundation and is generally made of stone, concrete blocks, bricks and mortar or cement.

2. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular ma­terials are influenced not only by the availability and character of materials.

3. They are also being influenced by the total technological develop­ment of society.

4. After the plot of land has been chosen, and it is then time to decide what kind of house is to be built.

5. An architect draws pictures of what the house will look like when it is built.

6. Copies of the plan are made and are given to the builder.

7. The walls of the house will be built on the con­crete foundations.

8. When the walls are plastered the joiner fixes the doors and other woodwork.

9. Once the ground conditions have been calculated and the foundation widths have been decided, the depth of concrete must be worked out.

Ex. 28. Choose the right form (active or passive) of the verb:

Different workmen (employ/are employed) in building a house. The stonema­son (builds/is built) the foundation. The bricklayer (is built/builds) the walls and other parts made of bricks. He (lays/is laid) the bricks one on the top of another and (is put/puts) mortar between them with a trowel. The slater or tiler (employ/is employed) for putting slates or tiles on the roof. The plumber (is fixed/fixes) all the baths, water pipes and the sanitary fittings of drains and lavatories in the places marked for them in the plan drawn by the architect. The electri­cian (runs/is run) electric wires and (is made/makes) connections all through the house from the cellars under ground to the attics under the roof. All the doors and window-frames (make/are made) by the carpenter and (are put/put) into their places by the joiner. The latter also (lays/are laid) down the floor. Then the plasterer (puts/is put) plaster or cement over all the walls and ceilings and (is made/makes) them smooth. Then the walls (paint/are painted), papered or whitewashed.

Ex. 29. Transform the sentences with the verb-predicate in the Passive Voice into the Active forms:

Model: Most houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. à They (engineers, people …) build houses of wood, brick, stone and concrete.

1. The working plan of the house is called a blueprint.

2. The bricks are stuck together with mortar.

3. When the walls of the house are too high for the bricklayer to reach, the first scaffold is made.

4. Extra scaffolds are put up as the workmen need them.

5. Today most of the woodwork is made at a joinery works.

6. Computations are done by structural engineers for buildings for the proper size of foundations.

Ex. 30. Transform the sentences with the verb-predicate in the Active Voice into the Passive:

Model: A surveyor measures the plot of land. à The plot of land is measured (by a surveyor)

1. The architect draws plans to show the size of the house, the shape of the rooms.

2. The builder then marks out the shape of the house on the site.

3. They use the concrete to fill in the bottoms of the trenches.

4. Machines plane the wood smooth and cut it to the right size.

5. Plumbers lay pipes to carry clean water into the house.

Ex. 31. Translate the sentences with modal verbs. Pay special attention to passive Infinitives.

1. The word ‘building’ may refer to any human-made structure used for sheltering any use or for continuous residence.

2. Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified according to the role in the community.

3. In commercial buildings the internal infrastructure can be extremely intricate and require regular maintenance.

4. The house is a place to live in, so it must be comfortable and healthy.

5. To be a good house it must comply with a few basic functions.

6. It should be a functional and healthy environment for those that live in it.

7. Inside one must be protected from wind, cold, heat, rain, sand and dust.

8. It should last for many years without requiring much maintenance.

9. In cold places houses must be more compact and have thick walls and small windows to resist the cold.

10. Every detail of a house must be carefully planned.

Ex. 32. Translate sentences with modal verbs and equivalents.

1. The structural engineer must design structures to be safe for their users and to successfully fulfill the function they are designed for. 2. A new house has to be insulated in order to reduce heating costs and to save money. 3. If non-concrete (clay-based) brick is to be used, care should be taken to select bricks suitable for the climate in question. 4. If the mixing is to be done by hand the materials must be screened to remove any lumps of lime. 5. Using good design principles, construction techniques also need to be considered. 6. Clean soft water only should be used for the purpose of making mortar. 7. The structural design of a modern building can be extremely complex, and requires a large team to complete. 8. After the painting has been finished the flooring should be done in those rooms where the cabinets are to be installed first. 9. Bricks used during frosty weather should be quite dry, and those that have been exposed to rain or frost should never be employed. 10. Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. 11. The designer deter­mines the size of the walls, the parts which make up the framework. He also decides how they are to be spaced and arranged. 12. Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil. 13. Before you actually build a house there a lot of things you must do first. 14. You must have a piece of land on which your house can be built, then you should ask an architect or builder to find out if there are any restrictions or limitations on building in the area. 15. Tall skyscrapers are very heavy, which means that they must be built on a sturdier foundation than would be required for shorter, lighter buildings.

Ex. 33. Underline the words ending in –i ng and identify their functions. These forms may be verbal nouns, present participles or gerunds. Prove your point. Translate the sentences into Russian.

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