Temporal Clauses

Clauses of Place

Clauses of place do not offer any difficulties of grammatical analysis; they are generally introduced by the relative adverb where or by the phrase fromwhere, to where, e. g.:

They passed alongside the Royal Enclosure where book-makers did not seem to be admitted. (Galsworthy)

The sun-blinds were down, for the sun was streaming on its front, past the old oak, where was now no swing. (Galsworthy)

Where there's a will, there's a way. (Proverb)

... „Show me", he said, and moved in the tail-light of thecar to where the chauffeur stood pointing. (Galsworthy)

Like in other types of complex sentences, clauses introduced by the adverb where are sometimes on the borderline between subordination and co-ordination, meant to continue the narrative associated with the previous statement rather than indicate the place where action took place, e. g.:

... And a sob that shook him from head to foot burst from Soames' chest. Then all was still in the dark, where the houses seemed to stare at him, each to each with a master and mistress of its own, and a secret story of happiness or sorrow. (Galsworthy)

Temporal clauses cover a wide and varied range of meanings.

Relations of time between the action of the main clause and that of the subordinate may differ: the two actions or states may be simultaneous, one may precede or follow the other, or, say, one may last until the other begins, etc.

When she moved to put a chair for him, she swayed in a curious, subtle way, as if she had been, put together by some one with a special secret skill. (Galsworthy)

As he passed through the stray groups of couples, he was conscious of a pair of pale grey eyes peering at him through a cloud of blue tobacco smoke. (Gordon)

Sit down, when I've taken off my things we shall go into the next room and have tea and be cosy. (Mansfield)

When he had finished his tea Andrew withdrew. (Cronin)

Reduced sub-clauses of time will be illustrated by such patterns as:

When at Rome, do as the Romans do. (Proverb)

When angry count a hundred. (Proverb)

Back in his study, he sat in thought. (Galsworthy)

Back with her accounts, she could not settle to them, and pushing them into a drawer, went to find her husband. (Galsworthy)

Synsemantic in their character, temporal clauses have often a mixed meaning. In some patterns there is only a suggestion of the secondary meaning, in others it is fairly prominent.

In different contexts of their use sub-clauses of time may change their primary meaning. In some patterns there is a suggestion of conditional relations, as in:

Women did strange things when they were driven into corners. (Galsworthy)

When the pinch comes, you remember the old shoe. (Proverb)

Instances are not few when temporal clauses are suggestive of causal relations, e. g.:

She made a little curtsy as he bowed. (Mitchell)

It is to be noted that secondary meanings are generally signalled not so much by the grammatical organisation of the sentence as by the lexical context which is the first to be considered relevant.

Studying syntax in relation to vocabulary presents here its own point of interest.

Not less characteristic are the secondary meanings implied in a sub-clause of time in such contexts when it comes to indicate an action or state as contrasted to that of the main clause.

Examples of such sentences may be found in numbers.

She neared her father's house, driven this way and that, while all the time the Forsyte undertow was drawing her to deep conclusion that after all he was her property. (Galsworthy)

"So you came, didn't you?" he went on, looking at her steadily, while she fronted his gaze boldly for a moment; only to look evasively down. (Dreiser)

While Mackenty meditated as to how in two years he should be able to undo this temporary victory, and Cowperwood was deciding that conciliation was the best policy for him, Schryhart, Hand and Arneel, joining hands with young Macdonald, were wondering how they could make sure that this party victory would cripple Cowperwood and permanently prevent him from returning to power. (Dreiser)

Why should he be put to the shifts and the sordid disgraces and the lurking defeats of the Divorce Court, when there was she like an empty house only waiting to be retaken into use and possession by him who legally owned her. (Galsworthy)

He turned about again, and there stood with his back against the door, as hers was against the wall opposite, quite unconscious of anything ridiculous in this separation by the whole width of the room.

The implication of contrast is often clear in reduced clauses of time, e. g.:

His manner, while warmly generous at times, was also easily distant except when he wished it to be otherwise. (Dreiser)

Synonymic alternatives of sub-clauses of time:

a) Gerundive Nominals:

Dartie, on being told, was pleased enough. (Galsworthy)

The crime seems to have been committed late in the evening, and the

body was found by a gamekeeper about eleven o'clock, when it was examined

by the police and by a doctor before being carried up to the house.

(Doyle)

Then after having Kathleen tighten her corsets a little more,

she gathered the train over her arm by its train-band and looked again.

(Dreiser)

b) Infinitival Nominals:

The door was not fastened within, and yielded smoothly to her hesitating hand. She was surprised to find a bright light burning; still more surprised, on looking in, to see that her Mama, but partially undressed was sitting near... (Dickens)

His head, now grey, was encircled by her arm, and he frowned to think that never, never had it rested so before. (Dickens)

c) Participial Nominals:

Arrived, however, at this other white house, also desirable, situated on the slope above the river, he almost had a fit while waiting for them in the car. (Galsworthy)

Being released, his face discovered to be very hot, and red, and damp; and Miss Tox took him on her lap, much exhausted. (Galsworthy)

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