I. Language Practice. 1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

1. Practise the fluent reading and correct intonation:

- `What do you `usually `do after work, Ann?

-Oh, a lot of things. There’s `always a `lot of `work to do about the house, washing up, doing the rooms, mending clothes.

- No, I `don’t `mean that. `What’s your `favourite pastime?

- Again - `nothing very special. Sometimes I read a little, watch TV or `listen to the music.

- `What’s your father’s hobby?

- He `enjoys carpentry, just making shelves, boxes, stools and so on.

- Oh, his `hobby `seems to be both interesting and useful for the house. By the way, do you know `what are the most `common `hobbies of Englishmen?

- Well, it `isn’t an easy question. As `far as I know, `many `Britishers like `sports and games, others, `gardening or `collecting `different things.

- I see. `What about dancing? Do you like it?

- Oh, very. Actually I’m crazy about dancing. `Do you `mean to `say we’ll `go to a dance?

- Yes, I’d like to. There’s a very good disco at the College Club.

2. Listen to the speaker; read and memorize the following words and phrases:

1. incorporate - регистрироваться

2. subchapter S - раздел в налоговом кодексе США, касающийся налогообложения малых корпораций

3. income tax - налог на прибыль, подоходный налог

4. to prorate - распределять пропорционально

5. returns - отчет, налоговая декларация

6. tax return - налоговая декларация

7. to incur - потерпеть убытки

8. retained earnings account - счет о нераспределенной прибыли

9. C-corporation - (амер.) частная компания с ограниченной ответственностью

10. tax rate - налоговая ставка

Text. Small Business in the USA:
An S-Corporation is not always best.

Small companies are generally believed to incorporate as S-corporations. S-corporations take their name from a Congressional addition to the income tax law known as subchapter S. The S-corporation enjoying many corporate attributes (the main is that the owners of a corporation do not expose their personal assets to corporate liability), it is treated like a partnership for purposes of determining its Federal income tax liability. At the end of each fiscal year, its total earnings (or losses) are prorated to each shareholder, and these earnings (or losses) are incorporated into their individual income tax returns.

Among the advantages of the S-corporation for small business is no "double taxation" - paying an income tax on corporate net income, and then paying an individual income tax on the dividend income subsequently distributed by the corporation.

Thus, the S-corporation "generally will not be liable for federal income tax." If losses are incurred during the start-up period (or any other period), these losses can be deducted each year from the shareholders' tax returns. All income, losses, credits, and deductions are "washed through" the S-corporation at the end of each fiscal year, and carried directly to the individual tax return for each shareholder. Being emptied out at the end of each fiscal year, the S-corporation has no retained earnings account.

For most of small businesses, the S-corporation has long been the preferred corporate structure. The operational accounting is simpler, and accounting, legal, and administrative expenses are minimized. Shareholders receive the immediate benefits of earnings without "double taxation". There are sound reasons to state that this is generally the most popular corporate structure.

However, for small businesses that are growing rapidly, the conventional C-corporation status may turn out to be more preferable. The primary motivation for such a change would be the ability to retain and reinvest earnings in the expanding business.

The maximum Federal income tax rate for C-corporation is 34 percent for taxable income up to $10.0 million, whereas the maximum tax rate on S-corporation income is now the maximum individual rate of 39.6 percent. If the business is striving to retain and reinvest all possible cash during a period of strong growth, it will obviously forgo distributing cash dividends thereby avoiding the problem of "double taxation."

II. Exercises on the Text:

3. Give English equivalents to:

корпоративные свойства; личное имущество; корпоративная ответственность, задолженность по федеральным налоговым платежам; финансовый год; общие поступления (или убытки); «двойное налогообложение»; «отмываются»; заносятся прямо в индивидуальную налоговую декларацию; операционный учет; бухгалтерские расходы; управленческие расходы; немедленная прибыль от доходов; серьезные причины; способность сохранить и инвестировать; доход, подлежащий налогообложению; оно очевидно откажется от распределения дивидендов наличными; учитывая влияние амортизационных отчислений.

4. Combine the words into sentences:

1. like, its, a partnership, is, Federal, it, liability, for purposes, income, of determining, tax, treated.

2. no, among, of the S-corporation, is, the advantages, «double taxation», for small business.

3. «washed through», all income, at the end, losses, of each fiscal year, credits, and deductions, are, the S-corporation.

4. the most popular, sound, are, to state, corporate structure, there, reasons, this, that, generally, is.

5. 34 percent, up to $10 million, income tax rate, is, the maximum, for taxable income, Federal, for C-corporation.

5. Sum up what the text says about:

the advantages of the S-corporation;

the charge to conventional C-corporation.

6. US government defines a small business as one that has fewer than 500 employees. Why do you think that most small business are in the service and retail fields?

A. Transportation/Communication - taxi service, trucking, warehousing, radio station.

B. Finance - insurance, real estate, banking.

C. Wholesale - distributor, grain elevator.

D. Other - mining, landscaping, fishing, unclassified.

E. Service - motel, barber shop, advertising agency.

F. Manufacturing - machine shop, printing, brewing.

G. Retail - gas station, shoe store, restaurant, florist.

H. Construction - general constructor, plumbing and heating, electrical.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-29