Practise the use of if-clauses

Grammar exercises

V. Discuss this question with your partner.

III. Match the words and phrases with the definitions.

II. Complete the sentences as in the text.

1. For many years Moscow was the heart of the world’s biggest…

2. The situation improved from 1998, Russians GDP increased…

3. Shock therapy was introduced with severe fiscal… 4. New laws were
introduced to allow private… 5. These measure were intended to create
conditions for … 6. Foreign investors began to show confidence in …

1. expatriate

2. consumer goods

3. state-run

4. hardship

5. reform

6. severe

7. subsidy

8. crumbling

9. staple goods

10. fixed incomes 11. to balloon

12. hyperinflation

13. enviable

14. to stabili z e

A. very high inflation

B. financial help from the government
for a business

C. change

D. something that other people want

E. managed by the government

F. very strict or cruel

G. basic things like food that everyone needs
H. to grow very big very quickly

I. things that people buy but don’t really

need J. falling apart or collapsing K. very difficult times – poverty L. someone who lives and works away

from their home country M. salaries or pensions that do not grow

with inflation N. become steady, unchanging

IV. Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the
correct heading.

Paragraph 1……………………………………… Paragraph 2……………………………………… Paragraph 3……………………………………… Paragraph 4……………………………………… Paragraph 5………………………………………

A. Recovery

B. Drastic measures

C. Ups and downs

D. Hard times

E. Then and now

— Has everyone benefited from the changes in the Russian economy
in recent years? Think about who is better off and who is poorer.

VI. Say what you have learned about:

— Top ten most expensive cities of the world

— Shortage of simple things in planned economy countries

— Expensive shopping centers and the highest property prices just now

— Russia’s GDP is increasing year after year at present

— Food and energy prices are controlled by the government
Think and give extensive answers

VII. Translate the conditional sentences (if-clauses), paying
attention to real and unreal clauses (§ 23).

1. If you want the company’s management to be efficient, you must have extensive information about the company’s output.

2. The production cost would be lower provided obsolete equipment was replaced.

3. If immigration barriers were eliminated in developed countries, wages of resident workers in them would fall.

4. Provided the managers had considered all aspects of business activity, the company would have earned more money.

5. Unless irrigation had been required because of the very hot monthes, the farmers would have attained higher profits.

6. The company will achieve a higher sale if the price is decreased.

7. If government reduces restrictions and tariffs, it will expand world trade.

8. If prices are above the equilibrium price, there will be excess supply.

9. If the output decreases, the company’s costs per unit of the goods produced will rise.

10. If current liabilities exceed, the company will be forced to sell
off its assets for the debts.

VIII. Supply the correct forms of the verbs (§ 11). Translate the sentences.

1. From 1991 world oil prices (to begin) to rise again. 2. Russia (to begin) to pay off its foreign debts. 3. Changing over to a completely different economic system could never (to be) painless. 4. The Russian Government of the early 1990s (to decide) to use a shock therapy approach. 5. The birth-rate in Russia is low. The size of the labour force (to become) a problem for society in the near future. 6. The well – paid job (to meet) considerable requirements. 7. This firm (to make) a big contribution to the development of the project and now it (to hope) for a success. 8. It (to know) that production costs (to depend) on the size of the business.

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