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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES TEST

FURTHER ACTIVITIES

SUMMARY

· Energy flow and flow of matter are essential for the existance of biosphere. Unlike the energy flow, flow of matter is cyclic.

· A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level.

· In nature Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Oxygen are following cyclic path way.

· The energy flow through the different trophic levels, their biomass and numbers can be diagramatically represented in the forms of pyramids.

· Along with the judicious and sensible utilization of natural resources, efforts must be made to find and develop new energy resources.

· Imagine that the producers in an ecosystem are extensively destroyed. How does it affect the proportion of the biomass between different trophic levels? Explain briefly.

· The following food chain may diagrammatically be represented as various levels of energy flow. Record the amount of available energy, utilized and transferred energy from one trophic level to another. Grass → Rabbit → Snake → Eagle

· Using the organism mentioned below prepare a pyramid of energy, a pyramid of biomass and a pyramid of numbers. Rice→ Rat → Owl → Vulture

· Both the pyramid of energy and biomass pyramid are almost identical with each other in the composition and stratification. Assess this statement and rectify, if there is any mistake.

· Firewood is burnt. Draw the schematic representation of Carbon cycle based on this process.

· Man still exploits natural resources indiscriminately. If the process continues, the ultimate results will be more tragic and dangerous. So everyone should take a pledge that at least for a short period we do not utilize natural resources. Evaluate this statement and record your opinion.

· The nitrogen content of soil is drastically depleting at a specific locality. What will be the cause of this event? Formulate any four suggestions.

1. The factor being tested in an experiment is the A. data. B. variable. C. conclusion. D. observation.

2. A possible explanation for an event that occurs in nature is called a(n) A. prediction. B. hypothesis. C. observation. D. analysis of data.

3. Using the information below, what is the correct order for the steps of scientific inquiry? 1. Theory 2. Conclusion 3. Hypothesis 4. Experimentation A. 1, 3, 2, 4 B. 3, 4, 1, 2 C. 3, 4, 2, 1 D. 4, 1, 2, 3

4. 1. State a theory. 2. Collect data. 3. Formulate a hypothesis. 4. Experiment. Which of the following is the correct order for the scientific method? A. 1, 3, 4, 2 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 3, 1, 2, 4 D. 3, 4, 2, 1

5. The part of an experiment that is subjected to all of the procedures except the one being tested is called the A. data. B. control. C. test sample. D. dependent variable.

6. An explanation for observed phenomena that is supported by many experiments is called A. a theory. B. a control. C. homeostasis. D. an hypothesis.

7. A group of people was used to test the effectiveness of a new toothpaste compared to their regular toothpaste. Which of the following procedures represents a controlled test? A. Have everyone in the group brush with the new toothpaste. B. Have everyone brush with both their regular toothpaste and the new toothpaste. C. Have half the group brush with the new toothpaste and the other half not brush their teeth. D. Have half the group brush with the new toothpaste and the other half with their regular tooth-paste.

8. The growth rate in most plants increases when water supply is plentiful. A possible explanation would be that water is a reactant in photosynthesis. This explanation is an example of A. a theory. B. a hypothesis. C. a conclusion. D. an observation.

9. The maintenance of the body’s constant internal environment is termed A. synthesis. B. hydrolysis. C. replication. D. homeostasis.

10. A role of water in cells of the human body is to A. emulsify fats. B. act as a solvent. C. act as an enzyme. D. denature proteins.

11. A water molecule joins with an adjacent water molecule by forming a(n) A. ionic bond. B. peptide bond. C. covalent bond. D. hydrogen bond.

12. Which of the following is necessary for hydrogen bonding? A. Peptide bonds. B. Hydrogen ions. C. Polar molecules. D. Equal sharing of electrons.

13. The polarity of a water molecule results from A. more of the protons being in the hydrogen nucleus. B. more of the electrons being near the hydrogen nucleus. C. the equal numbers of protons in hydrogen and oxygen. D. the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen.

14. Water molecules are connected to each other by A. buffers. B. hydrolysis. C. peptide bonds. D. hydrogen bonds.

15. Water allows chemical reactions in cells to occur because it A. acts as a solvent. B. evaporates readily. C. is less dense as a solid. D. promotes dehydration synthesis.

16. If the pH of a solution changes from 2 to 5, then the solution has A. become a base. B. lost hydrogen ions. C. become more acidic. D. gained hydrogen ions.

17. A substance that prevents large changes in the pH of a solution is A. DNA. B. water. C. a buffer. D. an enzyme.

18. Substances that increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution are A. acids. B. bases. C. enzymes. D. polar molecules.

19. Blood has a pH that is slightly basic. A sample of blood containing a buffer is treated with a weak acid. Which pH value would result? A. 1.57 B. 6.78 C. 7.38 D. 13.21

20. The pH of blood is slightly basic. Which of the following would be the pH of blood? A. 2.0 B. 6.8 C. 7.4 D. 10.3

21. Acids are defined as compounds that dissociate in water to release A. chloride ions Cl– B. calcium ions Ca++ C. hydrogen ions H+ D. hydroxide ions OHB

22. Which of the following differences between acids and bases is correct? A. Acids are harmful, bases are not. B. Acids lower the pH, bases raise the pH. C. Acids release amino groups, bases release glycerol. D. Acids release hydroxide ions, bases release hydrogen ions.

23. Organisms maintain pH at a constant level through the use of A. salts. B. water. C. buffers. D. carbohydrates.

24. The process that joins amino acids together to make enzymes is A. oxidation. B. hydrolysis. C. denaturation. D. dehydration synthesis.

25. Which of the following is a unit molecule of hydrolysis? A. ADP when it is being converted into ATP. B. Cellulose when it is being converted into glucose. C. Fatty acids when they are being converted into lipid. D. Amino acids when they are being converted into protein.

26. Which of the following is an amino (amine) group? A. NH2 B. OH–1 C. PO4–3 D. COOH

27. The level of protein structure represented by the alpha-helix shape is A. primary. B. secondary. C. tertiary. D. quaternary.

28. The linear sequence of amino acids found in an enzyme is called its A. tertiary structure. B. primary structure. C. secondary structure. D. quaternary structure.

29. Proteins may denature when A. pH is changed. B. oxygen is present. C. they form enzymes. D. substrate concentration is increased.

30. When a protein loses its normal three-dimensional configuration, it is said to be A. saturated. B. denatured. C. neutralized. D. synthesized.

31. Which of the following is a function of some proteins? A. Emulsify fats. B. Make up genes. C. Make up cell walls. D. Speed up chemical reactions.

32. A glucose molecule contains A. six carbon atoms. B. two high-energy phosphates. C. three fatty acids and glycerol. D. a long chain of carbohydrate rings.

33. The building blocks or monomers that make up carbohydrates are A. nucleotides. B. amino acids. C. monosaccharides. D. fatty acids and glycerol.

34. Which of the following molecules is a carbohydrate? A. C3 H7O2N B. C6H12O6 C. C13H26O2 D. C20H40O2

35. Carbohydrates are composed of A. amino acids. B. nucleic acids. C. monosaccharides. D. glycerol and fatty acids.

36. The unit molecule of a protein is A. glucose. B. glycerol. C. a fatty acid. D. an amino acid.

37. Glucose in cells is used primarily A. as an energy source. B. to produce membranes. C. to store genetic material. D. to produce enzymes that catalyze reactions.

38. The breakdown of a disaccharide may produce A. glucose. B. glycerol. C. fatty acids. D. amino acids.

39. The bending and folding of a protein molecule would produce a A. tertiary structure. B. primary structure. C. secondary structure. D. linear sequence of amino acids.

40. Which of the following is made up of a long chain of glucose molecules? A. DNA. B. Starch. C. Pepsin. D. Phospholipids.

41. The bonding of a glucose molecule and a maltose molecule would result in a A. triglyceride. B. disaccharide. C. phospholipid. D. polysaccharide.

42. The hydrolysis of which of the following substances will produce the greatest number of glucose molecules? A. Maltose. B. Sucrose. C. A disaccharide. D. A polysaccharide.

43. The major component of a plant cell wall is a product formed from the dehydration synthesis of A. fatty acids. B. nucleotides. C. amino acids. D. monosaccharides.

44. The main difference between cellulose and starch molecules is A. the type of linkage between glucose subunits. B. that only cellulose contains ribose building blocks. C. that only starch is made from glucose building blocks. D. the type of monosaccharide used to form these polymers.

45. How many double bonds are there between carbon atoms in a saturated fatty acid? A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. more than 2

46. A characteristic of unsaturated fats is that they A. denature as they cool. B. are made up of glucose and fructose. C. are made up of amino acids and glycerol. D. have double bonds in their carbon chains.

47. Which of the following are components of a phospholipid? A. cholesterol, glycerol, fatty acids B. fatty acids, phosphate group, glycerol C. glycerol, amino acids, phosphate group D. phosphate group, cholesterol, monosaccharides

48. Compared to saturated fats, unsaturated fats contain less A. oxygen. B. glycerol. C. hydrogen. D. fatty acids.

49. A lipid molecule is produced when A. fatty acids bond to glycerol. B. amino acids bond to glycerol. C. monosaccharides bond to glycogen. D. dehydration occurs between fatty acids and glycogen.

50. Lipids are composed of A. nucleotides. B. amino acids. C. monosaccharides. D. glycerol and fatty acids.

51. The carbon chain of a saturated fatty acid A. has no double bonds. B. is the basis of the ATP molecule. C. forms hydrogen bonds with itself. D. has a repeating backbone of sugars and phosphates.

52. An unsaturated fat could be changed into a saturated fat if A. peptide bonds were broken. B. hydrogen atoms were added. C. glycerol molecules were added. D. fatty acid chains were shortened.

53. Fatty acids containing double bonds are found in A. proteins. B. saturated lipids. C. polysaccharides. D. unsaturated lipids.

54. Which of the following types of bonding occurs during complementary base pairing? A. ionic B. peptide C. covalent D. hydrogen

55. Nucleic acids are composed of A. glucose B. enzymes C. fatty acids D. nucleotides.

56. Energy released from the breakdown of monosaccharides in the cytoplasm is stored in A. ATP. B. RNA. C. DNA. D. ADH.

57. Which of the following is not a part of a nucleotide? A. Sugar. B. Glycerol. C. Phosphate. D. Nitrogen base.

58. Which of the following is composed of nucleotides? A. Fat. B. RNA. C. Starch. D. Protein.

59. In the human body, steroid molecules can act as A. buffers. B. vacuoles. C. hormones. D. coenzymes.

60. Which of the following represents the structure of a nucleotide? A. Salt – lipid – base. B. Glucose – glucose – glucose. C. Phosphate – sugar – nitrogenous base. D. Amino acid – amino acid – amino acid.

61. Which of the following disrupts homeostasis? A. Positive feedback. B. Pressure filtration. C. Thermoregulation. D. Cellular respiration.

62. Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? A. Flipping a switch turns on a light. B. Turning on the lights increases the rate of plant growth. C. Turning up a dial on the oven increases the temperature. D. The thermostat shuts off the furnace as the room temperature reaches 20 °C.

63. A substance which helps maintain a constant pH in a solution is a(n) A. salt. B. acid. C. base. D. buffer.

64. The maintenance of a constant pH of the blood is achieved by A. acids. B. bases. C. water. D. buffers.

65. A substance that combines with excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions in a solution is called A. a salt. B. a base. C. an acid. D. a buffer.

66. The chemical reactions in the small intestine take place in a basic (alkaline) environment. Which number indicates this basic pH? A. 2.5 B. 4.6 C. 6.9 D. 8.5

67. Some biologically-important molecules dissolve easily in water because the water molecule is A. polar. B. organic. C. saturated. D. a polymer.

68. Which of the following describes hydrolysis? A. Taking up excess hydroxide ions. B. Making a polymer by removing water. C. Making water by combining an acid and a base. D. Adding water to break a polymer into unit molecules.

69. Which substance is produced in every dehydration synthesis reaction? A. Fat. B. Water. C. Protein. D. Carbohydrate.

70. Synthesis of protein involves the bonding of amino acids to A. glucose. B. glycerol. C. peptides. D. fatty acids.

71. Which of the following is an example of denaturation? A. Water freezing. B. Sugar dissolving in water. C. Egg white forming a solid when heated. D. Butter changing from a solid to a liquid.

72. A radioactive element is sometimes used to trace the pathway of chemical reactions in the cell. If newly synthesized proteins are radioactive, the radioactive element used could be A. sodium. B. chlorine. C. nitrogen. D. potassium.

73. 1. Catalysts. 2. Building blocks of DNA. 3. Structural components of cell membrane. 4. Main source of energy in cellular respiration. Proteins act as A. 1 and 2. B. 1 and 3. C. 2 and 3. D. 3 and 4.

74. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen molecules in a carbohydrate? A. 1:1 B. 1:2 C. 2:1 D. 3:1

75. The bonding of unit molecules to produce a polysaccharide is called A. hydrolysis. B. translation. C. cellular respiration. D. dehydration synthesis.

76. Which of the following is made up of glucose molecules? A. Fats. B. DNA. C. Proteins. D. Cellulose.

77. An increase in thyroxin will have which of the following effects? A. increased CO 2 production B. increased glycogen production C. decreased rate of ATP production D. decreased rate of glucose metabolism

78. Which of the following is a polymer? A. ATP. B. Glucose. C. Glycerol. D. Cellulose.

79. Increased levels of thyroxin in the blood result in decreased levels of TSH. This is an example of A. diffusion. B. active transport. C. positive feedback. D. negative feedback

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