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What is psychology?




 

derive from – происходить от

mind [maɪnd] 1. разум; 2. мышление, умственная деятельность

science ['saɪən(t)s] – наука \ scientific [ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk] - научный

describe [dɪ'skraɪb] описывать \ description [dɪ'skrɪpʃ(ə)n] описание

define [dɪ'faɪn] - давать определение (какому-л. понятию)\ definition [ˌdefɪ'nɪʃ(ə)n] - определение, дефиниция

directly [daɪ'rektlɪ ] непосредственно (без промежуточных ступеней, без посредников)

thought [θɔːt] –(от think) мысль; мышление;

refer [rɪ'fɜː] / (refer to) указывать, обозначать

unwilling [ʌn'wɪlɪŋ] несклонный, нежелающий (что-либо делать)

obligate ['ɔblɪgeɪt] обязывать\ fail [feɪl] не исполнить, не сделать, потерпеть неудачу

likely ['laɪklɪ] вероятный, возможный

predict [prɪ'dɪkt] предсказывать, прогнозировать \ prediction [prɪ'dɪkʃ(ə)n] прогноз;

accurately ['ækjərətlɪ] точно\ accuracy ['ækjərəsɪ] правильность, точность

a goal – цель\ examine [ɪg'zæmɪn ] - исследовать; изучать;

observe – наблюдать \ observation [ˌɔbzə'veɪʃ(ə)n] - наблюдение

researcher [rɪ'sɜːʧə] научный работник; исследователь; учёный

devise [dɪ'vaɪz] - разрабатывать, продумывать (планы, идеи); выдумывать, изобретать

occur [ə'kɜː] - происходить, случаться, совершаться

When you think of the word psychology, what first comes to mind? The word psychology is derived from the Greek “psyche” (mind, soul or spirit) and “logos” (study). Psychology is the “study of mind”.

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

What does behavior refer to in the definition of psychology?

Behavior is anything you do — eating, sleeping, talking, or sneezing.

Mental processes are the thoughts, feelings, and motives. Although we cannot directly see thoughts and feelings, they are real. They include thinking about kissing someone, a baby’s feelingswhen its mother leaves the room, and a student’s memoryof a motorcycle trip.

The goals of the science of psychology are to describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. What do psychology’s goals mean in practice? Let’s see.

  1. Description

Answering psychological questions often begins with a careful description of behavior. Description, or naming and classifying, is typically based on making a detailed record ['rekɔːd] of scientific observations.

But a description doesn’t explain anything, does it? Right.

Descriptions can’t answer the important “why” questions. Why do more people make suicide? Why are people more aggressive when they are uncomfortable? Why are bystanders often unwilling to help in an emergency?

  1. Understanding

Understanding usually means we can explain a behavior. For example, research on “bystander apathy ['æpəθɪ]” finds that people often fail to help when other possible helpers are nearby. Why? Because no one feels personally obligated to help. As a result, the more potential helpers there are, the less likely it is that anyone will help1 (Darley, 2000). Now we can explain a complex problem.

  1. Prediction

Explaining a behavior means that we can predict behavior accurately. Notice that our explanation of bystander apathy makes a prediction about the chances of getting help. If you’ve ever been stranded on a busy freeway with car trouble, you’ll see the accuracy of this prediction: Having many potential helpers nearby is no guarantee that anyone will stop to help.

 

1 Researchers might be interested in knowing whether individuals will help a stranger who has fallen down. The researchers could devise a study in which they observe people walking past a person who needs help. The researchers could describe helping behavior by counting how many times it occurs. The researchers may also examine characteristics of the individuals studied and try to predict who will help, and when. Are happy people more likely to help? Are women or men more likely to help? After psychologists have analyzed their data, they also will want to explain why helping behavior occurred when it did.

 




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