VII. Summarize the following text in about 100 words and give an appropriate title

The situation changed in 1994 when the NBU impeded inflation rates and provided for financial stability.

A number of restrictivemeasures weretaken for this purpose:

- discount rate was raised;

- interest on banks' credit and deposit operations reached positive level rela­tive to inflation rates;

- norms of required reserves were raised;

- credit auctions were introduced in­stead of credit resources centralized distribution. As a result funds distribution among banks has acquired a market character;

- operations with state securities were introduced as the main source of covering the budget deficit.

All these measures had a positive impact on the dynamics of inflationary processes in Ukraine. Inflation rates in 1994 reached 400%, in 1997 they were only 10.1%; production decline rates considerably decreased as well — from 22.9 to 3.2%.

However, even this stage of the NBU's monetary policy can be consid­ered monetarist only conventionally. The above aspects of this policy were di­rected primarily at restricting money supply. General rates of money supply growth M2 decreased from 7 times in 1994 to 1,38 times in 1997. Thus, the NBU's monetary policy can be consid­ered monetarist only to the extent of its anti-inflationary orientation.

Monetarism in its classical under­standing also envisions money demand stability, which is not inherent in the Ukrainian economy since its real sector has not been subject to qualitative changes directed at its structural reformation. Under such circumstances the deficiency of working capital at enter­prises is explained by their non-competitiveness in conditions of the flexible price system, inability to act in the mar­ket situation or work in competitive en­vironment rather than by the strict NBU policy or by monetarism. Without prop­er institutional transformations and changes in the taxation and financial systems (primarily in the sphere of budgetary expenses) it is too early to speak about achievements of macroeconomic stabilization.

Thus, the estimation of the monetary policy in transitional Ukraine from the scientific point of view at a conceptu­al level makes it clear that Ukraine does not answer the main postulates of monetarism. Even despite the fact that the NBU's policy is oriented to­wards stabilization — this is not mon­etarism in the proper meaning of the word. Actually, as it was mentioned above, monetarism was not used in its pure form in developed countries ei­ther. However, corresponding mea­sures of the monetary policy were ac­companied there by necessary structural changes in the real sector of the economy and financial sphere. In addition they did not need to create all the market institutes anew.

So, if the monetary policy as a means of reforming the economy is considered one-sidedly, without taking into account the interrelation of all components of the economic reform, it will continue to be estimated from the extreme points of view: as a panacea for overcoming all crisis phenomena, or as a reason of the reforms failure. Both the first and the second estimates will be as far from the truth as the identification of the cur­rent monetary policy in Ukraine with monetarism.

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