Scan the passage for substitutes and repetitions and arrange them according to their semantic affinity

Substitutes are words or expressions which replace previously used language units and have the same meaning. Repetitions can be direct (when the same lexical unit is repeated), periphrastic (based on periphrasis) and descriptive.

In discourse (в потоке речи) language units are united by a number of lexical, grammatical and stylistic connections, the prevailing type of connection being semantic where similar or semantically similar words and expressions are united into thematic chains. Most common among them are substitutes and repetitions.

Now look at the key sentences of each paragraph and say whether they extend the main idea of the first paragraph or present new ideas with their subsequent extension.

For example, Paragraph 1: Children are reading more books than ever.

Paragraph 2: The children’s book market has come into its own. (A new idea)

65 @ Following the stages, make up a new text and edit it as recommended. You can make use of the following link words:

Usage	Linking words
Positive addition	and, both …. and, not only….but also/as well, too, moreover, in addition to, furthermore, further, also, not to mention the fact that, besides
Negative addition	neither….nor, nor, neither, either
Contrast	but; not ….but, although, while, whereas, despite, even if, even though, on the other hand, in contrast, however, (and) yet, at the same time
Similarity	similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally
Concession	but, even so, however, (and) still, (and) yet, nevertheless, on the other hand, although, despite/in spite of, regardless of, admittedly, considering, whereas, while, nonetheless.
Alternative	or, on the other hand, either…or, alternatively
Emphasis	besides, not only this but….also, as well, what is more, in fact, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth, actually, indeed, let alone, not only that
Exemplification	such as, like, for example, for instance, particularly, especially, in particular
Clarification	that is to say, specifically, in other words, to put it another way, I mean
Cause/Reason	as, because, because of, since, on the ground that, seeing that, due to, in view of, owing to, for, now that, so
Manner	as, (in) the way, how, the way in which, (in) the same way, as if, as though
Condition	if, in case, assuming (that) on condition (that), provided that) providing (that), unless, in the event (that), in the event of, as/so long as, whether, whether….or, only if, even if, otherwise, or (else), in case of
Consequence of a condition	consequently, then, under those circumstances, if so, if not, so, therefore, in that case, otherwise, thus
Purpose	so that, so as (not) to, in order (not) to, in order that, for fear (that)
Effect/result	such/so…that, consequently, for this reason, as a consequence, thus, therefore, so
Comparison	as …as, (more)….that, half as …as, nothing like, the ….the, twice as …as, less…..than
Time	when, whenever, as, while, now (that), before, until, after, since
Place	where, wherever
Exception	but (for), except (for), apart from
Relative	who, whom, whose, which, what, that
Chronological	beginning: initially, first…, at first, to start/begin with, first of all, secondly…, after this/that, second…, afterwards, then, next, before this, concluding, finally, at last, in the end, eventually, lastly, last but not least
Reference	concerning, regarding, with respect/regard /reference to, in respect/regard/reference to this/to the fact that
Summarising	in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, as I have said, as (it) was previously stated, on the whole, in all, all in all, altogether, in short, briefly, to put it briefly.

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