Text. Look at them carefully and make sure you understand them

C. Answer the questions.

C. What materials had been used before paper was invented and distributed in Europe. Match the names with their definitions. Make sure you know their Russian equivalents.

Now that you know the history of books and publishing, make sure that you remember some important facts of their development.

A. Arrange the places and persons in the chronological order to illustrate the development of printing and books. Number them as 1, 2, 3…… etc. Match them with approximate dates.

____the Egyptian papyrus roll	3000 BC
____Chinese books	2500 BC
____the clay tablets of Mesopotamia	1300 BC
____Roman books,	900 BC
____Greek books,	100 BC
____the medieval book,	200 AD
____the codex	4^th c. AD
____Frantsysk Skaryna of Polatsk	1450 – 1550
____William Caxton
____Johannes Guttenberg	1522–25

tablets	- writing material of ancient times and also the plant from which it was derived, also called paper plant.
vapyrus	- made from water-cleaned clay.
the codex	- made of wood or bamboo strips bound together with cords.
Chinese books	- texts written on papyrus rolls
greek books	- texts written on papyrus rolls and waxed woodent tablets
Roman books	- constructed from folded leaves bound together on one side
vellum and parchment	- a finer quality of parchment
vellum	- materials prepared from the skins of animals.
The medieval book	- a codex written on vellum or parchment

1 Which 3 major inventions facilitied the development of publishing and books?

2 What social change was vital for its implementation?

3 What linguistic pre-condition promoted the development of printing, broadly speaking?

4 Which country is believed to have pioneered the invention of printing?

5 How was the knowledge of paper passed on to Europe?

6 What did the invention of printing in Europe call into being?

7 Where were the first libraries established and why?

8 Why did the church and authorities try to exercise censhorship over written matter?

9 Over the history of their development, books have been repeatedly burnt and destroyed, Why, do you think?

10 How is a book defined by UNESCO?

11 How are the Greek words biblos and byblos related? What are their meanings?What does the Latin word vollumen mean? What is its modern English equivalent?

12 How would you interpret Fransisc Skaryna’s statement Reading is the mirror of our life, the balm for the afflicted.?

² Listening comprehension

97 The recording you are going to hear is called “The Bible Hospital”. With a partner, work out what it might be about. To help you, there are words, which occur in the

to restore - to repair something so that it is in its original condition	f oil - metal sheets that are as thin as paper, used for wrapping food. E.g., Cover the chicken with silver foil and bake.
a restorer - a person whose job is repairing old things	a paper cutter - a tool that is used for cutting paper
to bind (a book) - to fasten the pages of a book together and put them in a cover	to sew [s@u] the pages togethe r- to use a needle and thread to put the pages back together.
imitation leather - something that looks like leather	to stamp smth on a book - to put a pattern, sign, or letters on a book with a special tool
glue - a sticky substance used for joining things together	a stampe r – a tool used for stamping
a tub of glue - a small container made of paper or plastic with glue in it.	to take over a business, etc. – if someone takes over a business, they take control of it.
a check (USE) - a tick (BE) Ö

98 What are they used for in rebinding books? Match the columns logically.

- imitation leather - gold and silver foil - glue - a paper cutter - a needle and thread - a stamper

* for stamping titles and names * for book covers * for cutting the pages * for sewing the pages * for pasting the pages * for stamping tittles and names

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