Text 1 international law

UNIT 1 INTERNATIONAL LAW

Exercise 1.1 Study the vocabulary:

1) to regulate the affairs	1) врегулювати справи/проблеми
2) supranational organization	2) наднаціональні організація
3) domestic	3) внутрішній
4) political support	4) політична підтримка
5) enforcement	5) втілення в життя
6) binding	6) обов’язковий; обмежувальний
7) source	7) джерело
8) custom	8) звичка; звичай
9) treaty	9) договір, угода
10) failure	10) невдача, неуспіх, провал;
11) to prevent	11) попереджати, відвертати
12) lack the capacity	12) нестача, відсутність правоздатності
13) to penalize	13) карати, штрафувати
14) disobedience	14) непокора; супротив
15) framework	15) структура, рамки, межі
16) to be on track	16) намічати курс
17) mutual benefit	17) взаємна користь, вигода

Exercise 1.2 Read and translate the text:

International law regulates the affairs between sovereign nation states in everything from trade, to the environment, to military action. It can refer to three things; public-international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organizations.

There are some important differences between international laws and those created inside individual states. Domestic laws are passed by legislative bodies, most of which have some popular political support. International Laws, on the other hand, are created by agreements among governments. Enforcement of international law is also different. Many international agreements are not binding - for example. UN General Resolution.

International law can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.

Public international law concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The sources for public international law development are custom, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the Geneva Conventions. Public international law can be formed by international organisations, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War), the International Labour Organisation, the World Trade Organisation, or the International Monetary Fund. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the International Court of Justice as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. However, a few bodies, such as the WTO, have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions.

Conflict of laws (or "private international law" in civil law countries) concerns which jurisdiction a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting capital and labour supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing.

European Union law is the first and, so far, only example of a supranational legal framework. Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements – especially the Union of South American Nations – are on track to follow the same model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and political institutions. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the European Court of Justice said in the 1960s, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states.

Exercise 1.3 Complete the sentences and choose the best variant:

1. International law regulates the affairs between …

a) neighbours

b) friends

c) states

2. Domestic laws are passed by …

a) legislative bodies

b) executive bodies

c) judicial bodies

3. International Laws are created by …

a) the Acts of the President

b) ordinary people

c) agreements among governments

4. The source for public International law are …

a) habits and traditions

b) customs, practice and treaties

c) constitutions and legal documents

5. European Union law is the example of …

a) international trade organization

b) a supranational legal framework

c) intergovernmental agreement

Дата добавления: 2015-01-03