Reading practice Section. Once in a while, someone takes a familiar material like glass and finds a new use for it

Looks good on paper A new use for a common material

Once in a while, someone takes a familiar material like glass and finds a new use for it. Glass had been around for ages but, in the 1950s, Basil Hirschowitz of the University of Michigan thought of using a fibre made of the stuff to transmit light. Fibre optics have since revolutionised both surgery (Dr Hirschowitz’s original intention) and telecommunications (an unexpected bonus). Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins and their colleagues at the New University of Lisbon in Portugal believe they have found similarly a novel use for paper. Writing in IEEE Electron Device Letters, they describe how to use it to make a transistor.

Transistors are the workhorses of electronics. They are switches that employ one electric current to control the passage of another. Linked together on the surfaces of silicon chips, they form the “logic gates” that do the calculations in computers, mobile phones, television sets and the other electronic gadgets which dominate the modern world. The bold proposal that Dr. Fortunato and Dr. Martins are making is to replace the silicon with cellulose, the main ingredient of paper.

document.write(''); The silicon in a transistor has two separate roles. One, when it is doped with small amounts of other elements, is as a semiconductor. This is a material that permits the limited movement either of electrons (which are negatively charged) or of positively charged “holes” in the crystal lattice where an electron ought to be. Silicon’s other role, when it is pure, is as a dielectric—a material that can be penetrated by an electric field, but not an electric current. It is silicon’s role as a dielectric that Dr Fortunato and Dr Martins propose to replace.

The two researchers built their transistors by coating both sides of a sheet of paper with semiconductors made of oxides of zinc, gallium and indium, rather than silicon. They then deposited aluminium onto the coated paper to connect the resulting components together. One side of the paper carried the control currents while the other carried the output currents. The paper thus acted as the dielectric between the components of each transistor, as well as being the substrate for the circuit, in the same way that the base of a silicon chip acts both as substrate and as dielectric.

This approach lets the transistors be both flexible and cheap to produce. They can be made at room temperature, unlike a silicon chip, and paper is a lot less pricey than electronics-grade silicon. They also seem reliable. Dr. Fortunato and Dr. Martins tested their prototypes for two months without detecting any fall in performance.

Paper transistors, and circuits based on them, are not, it must be said, going to replace silicon chips as the microprocessors in computers any time soon—if only because they are nowhere near as miniaturised. But the two researchers have already used them to make a simple, disposable memory circuit, which they will describe in a forthcoming issue of Applied Physics Letters. Such paper-based “chips” would be much cheaper than the cheapest chips available today, and could be used in radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags on such things as packets of food on supermarket shelves—the cost of RFID chips is one of the factors preventing their widespread adoption. Baggage tags, banknotes with electronics embedded for security and even postage stamps that can be read by smart franking machines are other possible uses. Electronics may even come to rely on paper, rather than eliminating it.

Read the comments to the article. Which comments do you agree with? Why? What is your opinion on the article and on the technology it talks about? Do you think there is a future for it? What would you write to comment it?

Readers’ comments. 1. Interesting. But, I shudder to think of the future. We will have these tags on all forms of paper; we would have a major problem in recycling paper. 2. Hm. Lots of interesting uses. E.g.: Spy Paper. Paper with microphone circuitry and transmission circuitry to "bug" anything from memos to

newspapers to magazines to... unobtrusively. What fun!

3. At least we know already that this simple technology not only looks good on paper. But can be of use in ways so helpful to the modern issues of global warming and CO2 in the air.

4. Balance is what nature even does well if we were left out of the picture. This new use could be a new balance.

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