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The Layout and Construction of Avenues and Boulevards




Text 11C

The configuration and undulation of the town site and direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards

Text 11B

 

The beautiful sites which the Great Architect of the Universe has provided for many of our cities have been wantonly spoilt by the worst form of vandalism and the lack of a proper planning system instead of providing a setting and vista by which the beauty of monumental and public buildings may be shown.

The first essential preparatory to the drawing up of a town planning scheme is to make a contour map of the site with contours showing the rise or fall of the ground every five to ten feet. In addition the map should show existing trees, places of historic or local interest, railways, existing public and industrial buildings, waterways, etc.

This map will enable the town planner to lay down the main avenues with the easiest possible grades, to preserve places of beauty; to establish the sites of the most important buildings so as to be in commanding position; to design his storm and sanitary sewers so as to obtain the maximum amount of gravity flow, and to arrange his water supply in the most suitable zones so that the whole system of public utilities can be built up of units which will ultimately become parts of a completed whole.

Directions of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards should be taken into account by all means. It is necessary therefore in the planning of a city to exercise the greatest care and judgment in fixing the position and direction of main avenues. If possible, they should radiate from the centre towards the principal outlying districts north, south, east and west of the city, and be connected and linked up with inner and outer circumferential avenues. By this means traffic desirous of crossing from one side of the City to the other can avoid the centre and more heavily trafficked streets, and in so doing prevent the congestion which so often occurs in the centre of old cities.

These circumferential routes which connect up the various parks and open spaces are largely used by residents, motorists and cyclists as circular drives.

 

17. Прочтите текст 11С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем:

 

 

It must be borne in mind that all objects in the street, utilitarian or otherwise are things to be seen, part of an organic whole, each having its respective part or place.

Long straights avenues, with buildings of approximately the same height and no object to break the horizon should be avoided. If natural scenic effect cannot be obtained, then provision should be made for some architectural feature to break the skyline. By careful planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically designed residence to break the monotony of long streets.

In planning out the width of main roads it is difficult to estimate what the future will demand, but in any case it will be better to err on the wide side rather than the narrow.

The main avenues should be laid out with 12 feet sidewalks, slow traffic carriageways next sidewalks and boulevards on either side of a centre carriageway for fast traffic and tramways. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks of a minimum width of 10 feet with a centre boulevard with wide grass margins, so that the actual paved carriageway can be widened as the business of the city extends.

In main and secondary business thoroughfares provision should be made for laying all sewer, water, electric and other mains in underground conduits of sufficient size to allow of proper inspection at all times.

The residential avenues can be so formed that the sidewalks have a boulevard on either side, which will provide space for pedestrians in the hot weather.

Railways, usually an ugly feature of every city should be made less objectionable by boulevarding.

 




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