А. Найдите в тексте пять случаев употребления модальных глаголов. Переведите предложения

Вспомните функции модальных глаголов и особенности их перевода на русский язык.

Flashing, signal, instructions, dashes, steady, acknowledge, relay, code

1. A communication relay is a station that … messages between various points, so as to facilitate communications between units. 2. The idea of flashing dots and … from a lantern was first put in to practice by Captain, later Vice Admiral, Philip Colomb in 1867. 3. His original…, which the Navy used for seven years, was not identical with Morse, but Morse code was eventually adopted with the addition of several special signals. 4. … lights were the second generation of signalling in the Royal Navy, after the flag signals. 5. In air traffic control towers,... lamps are still used today, as a backup device in case of a complete failure of an aircraft's radio. 6. Light signals can be red, green or white, and … or flashing. 7. Messages are limited to a handful of basic … (e.g. "land", "stop" etc.); they are not intended to be used for transmitting messages in Morse code. 8. Aircraft can... signals by rocking their wings or flashing their landing lights.

Б. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на перевод глагола “would”:

Greek hydraulic semaphore system involved identical containers on separate hills; each container would be filled with water, and a vertical rod floated within it. The rods were inscribed with various predetermined codes at various points along its height. To send a message, the sending operator would use a torch to signal the receiving operator; once the two were synchronized, they would simultaneously open the spigots at the bottom of their containers. Water would drain out until the water level reached the desired code, at which point the sender would lower his torch, and the operators would simultaneously close their spigots. Thus the length of time the sender's torch was visible could be correlated with specific predetermined codes and messages.

20. Переведите письменно с английского языка на русский:

I know it is very difficult to imagine what life must have been like before telephones, text messaging and emails. However, communication between people living in separate cities or states was possible thanks in part to the telegraph machine. The telegraph machine worked by sending a coded message on a wire from one point to another. The most commonly used code was Morse code, which gets its name from inventor Samuel Morse. Morse is credited with perfecting the first telegraph machine in the 1830's. The codes were sent using electrical pulses.

20. Переведите письменно на английский язык по вариантам:

В.1. Связь имеет давнюю историю. К обмену новостями (информацией) люди стремились во все времена. В доисторические времена люди объяснялись с помощью условных знаков и жестов. Когда люди находились на расстоянии друг от друга, они передавали свои сообщения криками. Еще более эффективной была звуковая сигнализация с применением барабанов, труб, колоколов. После изобретения пороха (gunpowder) в качестве сигнальных средств использовали выстрелы из ружей и пушек. Для передачи сообщений применялись также световые сигналы: факелы, костры.

В.2. В конце XVIII века появился оптический или семафорный телеграф. В 1824 г. такая линия связала Петербург со Шлиссельбургом. В 1839 г. была открыта самая протяженная в мире - 1200 км - линия оптического телеграфа между Санкт-Петербургом и Варшавой. На ней было сооружено почти полторы сотни башен для ретрансляции сигналов. В 30-x годах XVIII века был изобретен электрический телеграф. 15 апреля 1855 г. открылась телеграфная линия Петербург - Москва. В 1880-е годы в России начинает развиваться телефонная связь.

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