Air traffic Control

Safety

Safety is the most important problem in aviation. The prevention of collisions between aircraft in the air and on the ground is the main task of aviation specialists.

The achievement of aviation safety is the result of progress in many sciences and disciplines including engineering, aerodynamics, meteorology, psychology, medicine and economics.

Safety is ensured by thousands of ICAO and governmental regulations, by high standards in the design and manufacture of an aircraft and by rigid (strict) procedures of airline safety practices.

The aviation industry is constantly taking steps to prevent accidents but the crashes do occur time after time. They result from different causes: failure in the aircraft structure, human errors, navigational failures, malfunctioning of airborne and ground aids, hazardous weather conditions and so on.

Poor knowledge of English can also contribute to or result in an accident or incident. Therefore ICAO revised the provisions related to the use of the language for radiotelephony communications and demands good discipline to follow more closely to standard phraseology in all air-ground exchanges.

Experience has shown that phraseology alone is not sufficient to cover all of the potential situations, particularly in critical or emergency situations. That’s why proficiency in common or plain language is also of great importance.

One of ICAO’s chief activities is standardization in all spheres of aviation operations. The main ICAO document is SARPS (International Standards and Recommended Practices). Its main task is to provide the necessary level of standardization for safe and regular air operations.

Exercises

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the most important problem in aviation?

2. What is the main task of aviation specialists?

3. By what means is safety ensured?

4. What factors may cause accidents?

5. What can you say about the role of language in the problem of safety?

6. Can radiotelephony alone cover all of the potential situations?

7. What is the main document ICAO?

8. What is the main task of SARPS?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразующие элементы:

terror – terrible – terribly – terrific

danger – dangerous – dangerously

care – careful – careless – carelessness

safe – safety – unsafe

prevent – preventive – prevention

collide – collision

special – specially – specialist – speciality – specialize – specialization

achieve – achievement

ensure – insurance

govern – governor – government – governmental

regular – regularly –regulation – regularity – irregular

differ – different – differently –difference

fail – failure

navigate – navigator – navigation – navigational

hazard – hazardous

know – knowledge – unknown

provide – provision – provider

relate – relation – relative – relatively – relativity

communicate – communication – communicative – community

sufficient – sufficiently – sufficiency – insufficient

proficient – proficiently – proficiency

necessary – necessarily – necessity – unnecessary

critical – critically – criticize – criticism – uncritical

close – closely

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Самая важная проблема в авиации – безопасность.

2. Для обеспечения безопасности полетов ИКАО установила специальные правила и процедуры.

3. Все государства – члены ИКАО должны строго соблюдать все правила и процедуры, принятые ИКАО.

4. Одна из самых задач авиационных специалистов – предотвращать столкновение самолетов в воздухе и на земле.

5. Достижения в технике, аэродинамике и других науках повышают авиационную безопасность.

6. Еще одним условием, обеспечивающим авиационную безопасность, является стандартизация во всех авиационных операциях.

7. Всем авиационным специалистам очень важно знать английский язык.

8. Хорошее знание английского языка необходимо для обеспечение безопасности полетов.

9. Причина катастрофы - человеческая ошибка.

10. Самолет не смог вылететь из-за опасных погодных условий.

11. Отказ двигателя привел к катастрофе.

12. В районе аэропорта аварийная ситуация.

13. Одна из главных задач ИКАО – обеспечивать необходимый уровень безопасности.

The ATC’s first concern is safety, that is the prevention of collision between aircraft in the air and orderly flow of traffic.

To perform their exacting duties air traffic controllers need adequate facilities. The introduction of radars greatly assists in expediting the flow of traffic reducing the separation minima. Computers are also a powerful tool. They give assistance by taking over routine tasks but they must not dominate the system. The human controller is much more efficient than any current system because it is he who takes responsibility for controlling aircraft and it is he who takes final decisions in all situations including conflicting and emergency.

During periods of heavy traffic controllers work under high stress. They may control several aircraft simultaneously, their number sometimes exceeding 15 and even more. Controllers’ slightest error may cause loss of human lives and property.

Top physical and mental condition is a vital requirement for atc controllers. Therefore they undergo strict medical examination which are repeated at periodic intervals.

The problem of the selection and training of ATC personnel is extremely important. The controllers should possess a number of qualities which are absolutely necessary for them: a high degree of morality, a very good nervous and emotional balance, a sound critical judgment, a readiness for decisions and an instinct for team work. To become a highly professional controller one must be proficient not only in specialized aviation English but also in plain language because aviation safety depends on accurate pilot – controller communications.

The training of ATC personnel is carried out by different methods using various teaching aids, systems and simulators. Modern simulators can reproduce the whole ATC task from take-off to landing including all manoeuvers even the dangerous ones.

Exercises

I. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the main task of ATC activity?

2. How can controllers expedite the flow of traffic?

3. What aids and systems do controller use to control air traffic?

4. Can any aids or systems substitute a human controller? If not, then why?

5. What are the working conditions of controllers?

6. How many aircraft may controllers control at peak traffic periods?

7. What is one of the vital requirements for ATC controllers?

8. How often do they undergo medical examinations?

9. What qualities should a person possess to become a controller?

10. What can you say about the role of the English language in controller’s work?

11. How are controllers trained?

12. Can modern simulators reproduce conflicting and emergency situations?

II. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на словообразовательные элементы:

prevent – prevention – preventive

provide – provision – provider – provisional

order – orderly

perform – performance

exact – exactly – exactness

introduce – introduction – introductory

reduce – reduction

power – powerful – powerless

efficient – efficiently – efficiency

responsible – responsibility – response – respond

decide – decision – decisive

strict – strictly – strictness

necessary – unnecessary – necessity

depend – dependent – dependence – independent

train – trainer – trainee – training

carry – carrier – carriage

differ – different – indifferent – differently

simulate – simulator – simulation

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Существует много технических средств, помогающих диспетчерам в их работе.

2. Главным элементом в системе УВД является диспетчер, т.к. он принимает окончательное решение в любой ситуации.

3. Так как работа диспетчера очень ответственна необходим строгий отбор и подготовка персонала УВД.

4. Диспетчер должен иметь хорошее физическое здоровье умение принимать решение и работать в команде.

5. Различные тренировочные средства, системы и специальные тренажеры используются для подготовки персонала УВД.

6. Современные тренажеры позволяют имитировать все этапы полета, включая аварийные ситуации.

7. 15 или даже больше самолетов находятся под контролем диспетчера в период интенсивного движения.

8. Электронные средства не могут заменить диспетчера. Они могут только помогать ему.

9. Диспетчер не должен допускать ошибок, так как это может привести к потере человеческих жизней.

10. Минимумы эшелонирования будут уменьшены в ближайшем будущем.

11. Какой европейский центр подготавливает диспетчерский персонал?

12. Этот тренажер не может воспроизводить аварийные ситуации.

Дата добавления: 2015-03-29