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Cities of the US: Washington - planned city, New York (Big Apple) and its boroughs




Washington, D.C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. The U.S. Constitution allows for the creation of a special district to serve as the permanent national capital. The District is therefore not a part of any U.S. state and is instead directly overseen by the federal government. Within the District, a new capital city was founded in 1791 and named in honor of George Washington. The City of Washington, along with Georgetown and outlying areas within the federal district, were placed under a single, unified government following an act of Congress in 1871. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington located on the country's Pacific coast.

The District is located on the north bank of the Potomac River and is bordered by the states of Virginia to the southwest and Maryland to the other sides. The city has a resident population of 601,723; because of commuters from the surrounding suburbs, its population rises to over one million during the workweek. The Washington Metropolitan Area, of which the District is a part, has a population of nearly 5.6 million, the seventh-largest metropolitan area in the country.

The centers of all three branches of the U.S. federal government are located in the District, as are many of the nation's monuments and museums. Washington, D.C. hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization of American States (OAS), the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). The headquarters of other institutions such as trade unions, lobbying groups, and professional associations are also located in the District.

Washington, D.C., is governed by a mayor and a 13-member city council. However, the United States Congress has supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. Residents of the District therefore have less self-governance than residents of the states. The District has a non-voting, at-large Congressional delegate, but no senators. D.C. residents could not vote in presidential elections until the ratification of the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1961.

"The Big Apple" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph. Its popularity since the 1970s is due to a promotional campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau, known now as NYC & Company. This commonly asked question got me wondering, why do we call New York City the Big Apple? While I've seen several apple trees in New York City, I don't particularly recall them as being in notable quantity -- there are certainly more pigeons than apples in New York City, but we don't call New York City the "Big Pigeon." As with anything New York, there are many opinions and contradictions.

In the early 1920s, "apple" was used in reference to the many racing courses in and around New York City. Apple referred to the prizes being awarded for the races -- as these were important races, the rewards were substantial.

Based on the research of Barry Popik, the use of "Big Apple" to refer to New York City became clearer. Popik found that a writer for the New York Morning Telegraph, John Fitzgerald, referred to New York City's races "Around the Big Apple." It is rumored that Fitzgerald got the term from jockeys and trainers in New Orleans who aspired to race on New York City tracks, referring to the "Big Apple."

In the late 1920s and early 1930s, New York City's jazz musicians began referring to New York City as the "Big Apple." An old saying in show business was "There are many apples on the tree, but only one Big Apple." New York City being the premier place to perform was referred to as the Big Apple.

A 1971 campaign to increase tourism to New York City adopted the Big Apple as an officially recognized reference to New York City. The campaign featured red apples in an effort to lure visitors to New York City. It was hoped that the red apples would serve as a bright and cheery image of New York City, in contrast to the common belief that New York City was dark and dangerous. Since then, New York City has officially been The Big Apple.

New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.

New York City, with a population of over 8,000,000 people, is the most populous city in the United States. It is known for its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center, and for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, it is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.

New York was inhabited by the Algonquian, Iroquois, and Lenape Native American groups at the time Dutch settlers moved into the region in the early 17th century. In 1609, the region was first claimed by Henry Hudson for the Dutch. Fort Nassau was built near the site of the present-day capital of Albany in 1614. The Dutch soon also settled New Amsterdam and parts of the Hudson River Valley, establishing the colony of New Netherland. The British took over the colony by annexation in 1664.

The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were roughly similar to those of the present-day state. About one third of all the battles of the Revolutionary War took place in New York. New York became an independent state on July 9, 1776, and enacted its constitution in 1777. The state ratified the United States Constitution on July 26, 1788 to become the eleventh member of the United States.

New York City, one of the largest cities in the world, is composed of five boroughs. Each borough now has the same boundaries as the county it is in. County governments were dissolved when the city consolidated in 1898, along with all city, town, and village governments within each county. A borough is a unique form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the consolidated city. Technically, under New York State Law, a "borough" is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with the cities, towns, and incorporated villages within it. It differs significantly from other borough forms of government used in Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, other states, Greater London and elsewhere. (The Bronx - Brooklyn - Manhattan - Queens - Staten Island)

32. The fifty states of the US. Speak about one of the states: nickname, capital, motto, the bird, the tree, the animal; economy, agriculture, short history, places of interest, role in the life of nation.

Alabama, Montgomery (AL)
Alaska, Juneau (AK)
Arizona, Phoenix (AZ)
Arkansas, Little Rock (AR)
California, Sacramento (CA)
Colorado, Denver (CO)
Connecticut, Hartford (CT)
Delaware, Dover (DE)
Florida, Tallahassee (FL)
Georgia, Atlanta (GA)
Hawaii, Honolulu (HI)
Idaho, Boise (ID)
Illinois, Springfield (IL)
Indiana, Indianapolis (IN)
Iowa, Des Moines (IA)
Kansas, Topeka (KS)
Kentucky, Frankfort (KY)
Louisiana, Baton Rouge (LA)
Maine, Augusta (ME)
Maryland, Annapolis (MD)
Massachusetts, Boston (MA)
Michigan, Lansing (MI)
Minnesota, St. Paul (MN)
Mississippi, Jackson (MS)
Missouri, Jefferson City (MO)

Montana, Helena (MT)
Nebraska, Lincoln (NE)
Nevada, Carson City (NV)
New Hampshire, Concord (NH)
New Jersey, Trenton (NJ)
New Mexico, Santa Fe (NM)
New York, Albany (NY)
North Carolina, Raleigh (NC)
North Dakota, Bismarck (ND)
Ohio, Columbus (OH)
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City (OK)
Oregon, Salem (OR)
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg (PA)
Rhode Island, Providence (RI)
South Carolina, Columbia (SC)
South Dakota, Pierre (SD)
Tennessee, Nashville (TN)
Texas, Austin (TX)
Utah, Salt Lake City (UT)
Vermont, Montpelier (VT)
Virginia, Richmond (VA)
Washington, Olympia (WA)
West Virginia, Charleston (WV)
Wisconsin, Madison(WI)
Wyoming, Cheyenne (WY)

I'd like to speak about California. At first, about its nickname.
“The Golden State” has long been a popular designation for California and was made the official State Nickname in 1968. It is particularly appropriate since California's modern development can be traced back to the discovery of gold in 1848 and fields of golden poppies can be seen each spring throughout the state. The Golden State Museum is also the name of a new museum slated to open in late 1998 at the California State Archives in Sacramento. The museum's exhibits will bring to life the momentous events of California's history through a series of innovative, interpretive exhibits.

The capital is Sacramento. California's state motto is "Eureka" meaning "I have found it." California designated the California valley quail as official state bird in 1931. Known for their hardiness and adaptability, the native California valley quail (Callipepla Californicus) is a plump bird, smaller than a pigeon, with a distinctive black plume on its head and a black bib with a white stripe under its beak. Other common names: California partridge, Catalina quail, Topknot quail and Valley Quail. California designated redwood as the official state tree in 1937 (the coast redwood: Sequoia sempervirens, and the giant sequoia: Sequoia gigantea). The giant sequoia is the most massive tree in the world, with 30- foot diameter trunks not uncommon. They reach ages of over 3,000 years. The coast redwood is the tallest tree in the world, averaging about 300 feet high. The oldest known redwood trees lived to be 2,200 years old. The California grizzly bear (Ursus californicus) was designated official State Animal in 1953 - more than 30 years after the last one was shot. The grizzly bear is also honored on the California state flag.




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