Benefits of Sketching

A sketch is a preliminary drawing, usually intended for a final drawing or painting. This is how artists can record information. Even people naturally gifted in drawing can improve their skills by regularly sketching objects they see every day.

Sketching helps to sharpen observation skills and focus on tiny details of a subject. It also improves a person’s ability to draw freehand.

Sketching Tips

Before you even take your trip, practice sketching houses, churches and other buildings in your neighborhood. First, find a subject to sketch such as a house across the street. After studying it, ask yourself questions. What area of the subject is the brightest? Note any sunlit areas or shadows, determining the light source. Count the windows, porch steps and other items.

Then, take a pencil and draw the shapes that you see. This doesn’t have to be an exact copy of the building, although you can probably capture the subject’s essence. Next, use a straight-edge to straighten lines and make corrections. If there are some imperfections, realize that imperfections depict character if your house is old.

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Prepare for a discussion.

Граматичний матеріал: The Present Perfect Tense.

Study this example situation:
Tom is looking for his key. He can't find it.
He has lost his key.
He has lost his key = He lost it recently, and he still doesn't have it.
Have/has lost is the present perfect simple:

I/we/they/you have (= I've etc.)	finished lost done been etc.
he/she/it has (= he's etc.)

The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lost/done/written etc.).

When we say that 'something has happened', this is usually new information:
• Ow! I've cut my finger.
• The road is closed. There's been (there has been) an accident.
• (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.
When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now:
• 'Where's your key?' 'I don't know. I've lost it.' (= I don't have it now)
• He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (=I can't remember it now)
• 'Is Sally here?' 'No, she's gone out.' (= she is out now)
• I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?)

You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.
Just = a short time ago:
• 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.'
• Hello. Have you just arrived?
We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected:
• 'Don't forget to send the letter.' 'I've already sent it.'
• 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already gone."
Yet = until now. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences:
• Has it stopped raining yet?
• I've written the letter, but I haven't sent it yet.

Note the difference between gone (to) and been (to):
• Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) • Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)

Ex. 1. Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet.

Ex. 2. Put in been or gone.
1. Jim is on holiday. He's gone to Italy.
2. Hello! I've just ___________ to the shops. I've bought lots of things.
3. Alice isn't here at the moment. She's ___________ to the shop to get a newspaper.
4. Tom has ___________ out. He'll be back in about an hour.
5. 'Are you going to the bank?' 'No, I've already ___________ to the bank.'

Домашнє завдання:

1.Опрацювати текст за професійним спрямуванням.

2.Опрацювати граматичний матеріал, виконати запропоновані вправи.

Практичне заняття № 4

Тема заняття: Сервіс у літаку (у потязі, на судні)

Хід заняття

1. Підготовка до обговорення теми. Вивчення нових слів. Читання, переклад діалогів.

AT THE BOOKING OFFICE

- What trains are there to Leeds?

- There are two through trains at 9 a.m. and at 3.20 p.m.

- How much is a one-way ticket there?

- 30 pounds.

- And a return one?

- 55 pounds.

- Fine. Please give me a return ticket for a 9 o'clocktrain.

- All right. What berth would you prefer?

- Upper one, please.

- That's unusual. Everybody asks for the lower berth.

- Of course, it is much more convenient, but there is always a lady or a child who needs a lower berth so I prefer an upper one.

AT THE STATION

- Here you are at last! I've been waiting for half an hour for you.

- I'm sorry, I'm late. But I was stuck in a traffic jam.

- Here's your ticket.

- Oh, thank you. Is it a through train?

- Yes. I'm glad we shan't have to change.

- Fine. When is it due in Edinburgh?

- According to the timetable we are due there at 9.15 a.m.

- And when is it leaving, by the way?

- Oh, in ten minutes. Come on or we'll miss it.

IN THE COMPARTMENT

- Well, we are moving at last. The train doesn't seem to be very crowded.

- Not as overcrowded as at the peak tourist time in summer. What berth do you prefer?

- The lower one, if it is O.K. with you.

- Sure. Shall I open the window? It's rather stuffy in here.

- Do, please.

Ex.1. Fill in the spaces.

1. Where is the inquiry office?-...................................................

2. Is it a fast train? -.....................................................................

3. When is the train due in Boston? -..........................................

4. Oh, I'm afraid it is not very convenient. -................................

5. What berth would you prefer? -.............................................

6. Did you check our luggage? Where is the receipt? -...............

7. We still have half an hour before the train. Shall we go to the waiting room? -

Ex.2. Write down the questions.

1..........................? - 50 pounds.

2............................? - Yes, let's have our luggage registered.

3.........................?- Sorry, but there are no available compartments.

4............................? - No, I'm going to Glasgow.

5............................? - Yes, I have to change.

Ex.3. Answer the following questions, using given phrases.

As far as I know...I'm not sure, but...I think...

1. What's more convenient: to travel by plane or by train?

2. Do you often travel by train?

3. Do you take a lot of luggage with you?

4. Is it difficult to get a ticket?

5. What berth do you prefer?

6. Will you agree to change your berth if you are asked to?

7. What are the duties of the guard?

8. Do you take food with you or do you like to have meals in the dining car?

9. What was your longest trip by train? Was it boring and tiresome?

10. What platform does the train for Kyiv leave from? What about Moscow?

11.Where is the nearest ticket office?

12.Have you ever had to change trains? When was it?

13.How long does the trip to Kyiv last?

14.Is it convenient to use left-luggage room? Do you use it often?

15.Do you come to the railway station beforehand or just a few minutes before the train is leaving?

16.Have you ever been late for your train?

Ex.4. Translate into English.

- Я збираюся їхати до Києва у відрядження.

- Коли?

- У понеділок.

- Є прямий поїзд. Він відходить о дев'ятій вечора.

- Чудово. А коли він прибуває до Києва?

- О восьмій ранку.

- Це мені підходить.

- Я можу замовити вам квиток.

- Дякую. Я хотів би купейне місце, нижню лаву.

- Добре. Постараюся зробити все можливе.

- Дякую. Ви мені дуже допомогли.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

How to Give Your Own Artwork an Art Critique

If your painting seems a little lack-luster you can learn how to do an art critique on your paintings and fix the problem before anyone else is the wiser. Art critiquing may seem difficult when it's your own work, but you can simplify the job by breaking it down into steps.

What Draws Your Attention?

The first thing you should do during a personal art critique is to try to figure out where your viewer's eye will go. Successful paintings lead the eye from the main subject, around the painting and back to the main subject.

Generally, this is done by having items point toward one another instead of off the canvas. Check to make sure that your objects aren't leading your viewer's eyes off the painting and on to something else and then make sure that your subject has enough impact to draw the viewer in. The main subject should either be the darkest or lightest area in the painting.

Check Your Painting's Composition

The unity, balance, proportion and scale will all be in harmony in a good painting composition. Often an easy way to check a painting's composition during an art critique is to turn the painting upside down. The mistakes will become more obvious to you with this new perspective. Here are some things to look for:

Does a cluster of small objects will balance a large object, or is the painting's composition too heavy on one side? Is the color palette harmonious? Do all of the colors come from a warm color pallet or a cool color palette? Is the composition cluttered with too many items?

Are all of the objects in your painting in proper proportion?

Do you need to scale the main object up or down to make more of an impact?

Ex. 1. Read and translate the given text.

Ex. 2. Prepare the critique (according to the structure) to one of the following paintings:

“The Cornfield” by John Constable,

“Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus” by William Turner,

“Wheatfield with Cypresses” by Vincent Van Gogh.

Граматичний матеріал: The Past Perfect Tense.

Study this example situation: Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too, but they didn't see each other. Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there. He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple):

I/we/they/you he/she/it

had

(= I'd etc.) (= he'd etc.)

gone seen finished etc.

The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/seen/finished etc). Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past: • Sarah arrived at the party. This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect (had...): • When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. Some more examples: • When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. • Karen didn't want to go to the cinema with us because she'd already seen the film. • At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake. • The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before. or ... He had never flown before.

Compare the past simple (left, was etc.) and the past perfect (had left, had been etc.):

• A: Was Tom there when you arrived? B: Yes, but he left soon afterwards.	• A: Was Tom there when you arrived? B: No, he had already left.
• Kate at home when I phoned. She was at her mother's house.	• Kate had just got home when I phoned. She had been at her mother's house.

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