III. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions

II. Write down new words into your vocabulary.

Part ii

Types of Universities

I. Read this text and translate it into Ukrainian.

V. Complete this table with the missing verb forms.

IV. Discuss the content of the text in the form of a dialogue.

III. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

Infinitive	Past Simple	Past Participle	Translation
know
	was/were
		had
	taught
spring
		given
	built
		begun
make
		meant
	took
understand
		done
	got

TEXT 25

• The older civic ('redbrick') universities

During the nineteenth century various institutes of higher educa­tion, usually with a technical bias, sprang up in the new industrial towns and cities such as Birmingham, Manchester and Leeds. Their buildings were of local mat­erial, often brick, in contrast to the stone of older universities (hence the name, 'redbrick'). They catered only for local people. At first, they pre­pared students for LondonUniversity degrees, but later they were given the right to award their own degrees and so became univer­sities themselves. In the mid twentieth century they started to accept students from all over the country.

• The campus universities

These are purpose-built institutions located in the countryside but close to towns. Examples are East Anglia, Lancaster, Sussex and Warwick. They have accommodation for most of their students on site and from their beginning, mostly in the early 1960s, attracted students from all over the country. They tend to emphasize relatively new academic disciplines such as social sciences and to make greater use than other universities of teaching in small groups, often known as 'seminars'.

• The newer civic universities

These were originally technical col­leges set up by local authorities in the first sixty years of the twentieth century. Their upgrading to university status took place in two waves. The first wave occurred in the mid-1960s, when ten of them (e. g. Aston in Birmingham, Salford near Man­chester and Strathclyde in Glasgow) were promoted in this way. Then, in the early 1970s, another thirty became 'polytechnics', which meant that as well as continuing with their former courses, they were allowed to teach degree courses (the degrees being awarded by a national body). In the early 1990s most of these (and also some other colleges) became universities. Their most notable feature is flexibility with regard to studying arrangements, including 'sandwich' courses (i.e. studies interrupted by periods of time outside education). They are now all financed by central govern­ment.

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