The science of phonetics

Орехово-Зуево

Чурюканова Елена Олеговна

Українська орфографія

Практична частина

Із посібника Н.І. Тоцької виконати такі завдання: 194, 195, 197(с.65); 199,203 (с.66); 206, 207, 209 (с.68); 210 (с.69); 214 (І, ІІІ, с.70).

Практичне заняття 6. Фонетичний аналіз

Самостійна робота (виконується в аудиторії)

1. Зразки фонетичного аналізу слова.

2. Фонетичний аналіз слів за поданою схемою (індивідуальні завдання).

Практичне заняття 7. Орфоепічні норми української мови

Теоретична частина

1. Суспільне значення орфоепічних норм.

2. Орфоепічні норми вимови голосних, приголосних, груп приголосних.

3. Аналіз типових відхилень у вимові звуків і звукосполучень на Криворіжжі.

4. Робота з орфоепічним словником.

Практична частина

1. Виконати вправи 256 (с.90); 271 (с.93); 285 (с.97);

296 (с.100); 316 (с. 108); 322 – 325 (с.109); 329 (с. 110).

Практичне заняття 8. Графіка української мови.

Теоретична частина

1. Український алфавіт. Співвідношення між буквами та звуками.

2. Принципи українського правопису.

3. Основні орфограми.

4. Диктант з орфографічним аналізом тексту.

Практична частина

Із посібника Н.І. Тоцької виконати такі завдання: 377, 378 (с. 128); 393, 394 (с. 135); 415 (с. 138); 420 (с. 139).

Практичне заняття 9. Контрольна робота

Виконання завдань на перевірку знань з фонетики, графіки й орфографії.

Методическое пособие по практической фонетике английского языка для студентов 1-2 курсов англо-русского отделения филологического факультета.

2002

Contents

1. The science of phonetics.   2. Intonation. The main components of intonation.   3. Functions of intonation.   4. Anatomy of intonation patterns. Types of heads, pre-heads, tails.   5. Basic intonation patterns.   6. Assimilation.   7. Elision.   8. Aspiration. Palatalisation. Linking “r”.   9. Reduction.   10. Intonation in simple sentences:   a) intonation of statements;   b) intonation of general questions;   c) intonation of special questions;   d) intonation of alternative questions;   e) intonation of disjunctive questions;   d) intonation of imperatives;   e) intonation of exclamations;   f) intonation of adverbial phrases;   g) intonation of enumeration.   11.Intonation of adjections.   12. Intonation of compound and complex sentences.   13. The structure of the phonetic analysis of a sentence.

Phonetics is the science of speech sounds, their production (articulation) and the signs used to represent them (transcription).

The English language consists of 26 letters and 44 sounds, with 6 vowel letters but 20 vowel sounds.

In any language people speak using their organs of speech. The scheme of the sound production is as follows: lungs → wind-pipe → vocal cords → pharynx → uvula → soft palate → hard palate → teeth ridge → lower and upper teeth → tongue (tip, blade, front, back) → lips.

The organs of speech are divided into active (moveable): the vocal cords, the tongue, the lips, the soft palate; and passive: the teeth, the teeth ridge, the hard palate.

Studying the phonetic structure of a language we deal with phonemes. A phoneme is the smallest language unit which exists in the speech of all people belonging to the same language community in the form of speech sounds and may bring about a change of meaning. Sounds are what we actually pronounce, phonemes are abstract, sounds are concrete. The phoneme is realized in speech in the material form of speech sounds of different type. Various speech realizations of the phoneme are called its allophones. The difference between the allophones of the same phoneme is due to their position in various phonetic contexts (i.e. in the word “breadth” the sound [d] is dental under the influence of the interdental [θ], in the word “dry” the sound [d] is post-alveolar under the influence of the post-alveolar [r]).

The classification of the English phonemes:

a) Vowels are voiced sounds produced without any obstruction and have no noise component.

b) Consonants have noise producing obstruction in their articulation.

The classification of the English vowels:

a) according to the stability of articulation:

- monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging [e];

- diphthongs are vowels in the pronunciation of which the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable [ei]. It consists of the nucleus (strong and distinct) and the glide (weak). There are no diphthongs in Russian;

- diphthongoids are vowels the articulation of which is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct ([i:, u:]).

b) according to the tongue position the vowels may be:

- when the tongue moves forward and backward – front [i:, e, æ], front-retracted [i], central [_^, ə:, ə], back [a:, o, o:, u:], back-advanced [u];

- when the tongue moves up and down – close [i:, i, u, u:], mid [e, _^, ə:, ə], open [æ, a:, o, o:];

c) according to the lip position:

- unrounded vowels (the lips are neutral),

- rounded vowels (the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or less rounded) [u, u:, o, o:];

d) according to the vowel length all the monophthongs are divided into long [i:, u:, a:, o:, ə:] and short [I, e, o, u, _^, ə].

The classification of the English consonants:

a) according to the degree of noise:

- noise consonants (voiced [b, d, g, v, ð, z, ₃, d₃] and voiceless [p, t, k, f, θ, s, ò, tò]),

- sonorants [m, n, h, w, l, r, j];

b) according to the manner of articulation:

- occlusive, or plosive (in their production the air stream meets a complete obstruction in the mouth) [b, p, d, t, k, g, m, n, h];

- constrictive, or fricative (the air stream meets an incomplete obstruction, so the air passage is constricted) [f, v, θ, ð, s, z, h, ò, ₃, w, r, l, j];

- affricates (the air stream meets a complete obstruction which is slowly released and the air escapes from the mouth with some friction) [d₃, tò];

c) according to the place of articulation:

- labial (bilabial [p, b, m, w] and labio-dental [f, v]);

- lingual(forelingual – interdental [ð, θ], dental [-], alveolar [t, d, s, z, n, l], post-alveolar [r], palato-alveolar [ò,₃, d₃, tò]; mediolingual [j], backlingual [k, g, h]);

- glottal [h].

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