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Text C. The United states Supreme court




Text B. UNITED STATES COURTS OF APPEALS

 

1. Created in 1891 to relieve the U.S. Supreme Court of hearing the growing number of appeals, the U.S. courts of appeals are the intermediate appellate courts of the federal system. Eleven of the circuits are identified by number and are organized regionally. The twelfth circuit has jurisdiction over the District of Columbia.

2. The courts of appeals are staffed by 156 judges, who are nominated by the president, confirmed by the Senate, and (like other Article III judges) enjoy lifetime tenure. As with the district courts, the number of circuit court judges varies, depending somewhat on the population and volume of cases. The number of judges authorized for each circuit ranges from six (the First Circuit) to twenty-eight (the Ninth Circuit). The chief judge (the most senior judge in terms of service, under seventy years of age) of each circuit has supervisory responsibilities for the circuit.

3. The courts of appeals have jurisdiction to review the final decisions of the district court, as well as the power to act on certain legal issues that arise while a lawsuit is going on (called interlocutory appeals). In addition, the circuit courts hear appeals from a host of quasi-judicial tribunals such as the National Labor Relations Board.

4. In a typical year, approximately 40,000 cases are filed in the courts of appeals. As is true in the district courts, the volume of cases in the circuit courts has grown steadily since the early 1960s, tripling each decade. This growth has not been uniform, however. Criminal appeals shot up dramatically from 1963 to 1973 but have since leveled off. Thus, the largest recent increase has been in civil appeals.

5. The circuit courts normally utilize three-judge panels in deciding cases, which produces some differences in legal interpretation from panel to panel. In con­troversial cases, though, all the judges may sit together to decide the case. Such en banc hearings are rare, however; in a typical year, there are no more than a hundred in the entire nation. A decision by the circuit court exhausts the litigant’s right to one appeal. A dissatisfied party may request the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case, but such requests are rarely granted.

 

 

The highest court in the nation is the U.S. Supreme Court. It is composed of nine justices: eight associate justices and one chief justice (who is nominated specifically to that post by the president). Besides presiding over the Court’s public sessions, the chief justice conducts the Court’s conferences, assigns justices to write opinions (when the chief justice votes in the majority), and has supervisory power over the entire federal judiciary. Like other judges appointed under Article III of the Constitution, the justices of the supreme Court are nominated by the president, require confirmation by the Senate, and serve for life.

 

5. Выпишите из текстов эквиваленты следующих слов и выражений: федеральный районный суд; вести судебный процесс; заявление подсудимого о признании вины; установить наказание, уполномочивать; нарушение уголовного права; уголовное преследование; обвинить в преступлении связанном с наркотиками; пересмотреть решение суда; главный судья верховного суда.

6. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в активном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Измените предложения таким образом, чтобы сказуемое имело все возможные грамматические формы.

7. Выпишите из текста 2 предложения, содержащие сказуемое в пассивном залоге. Подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

8. Составьте резюме, используя образец стр. 27.





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