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Groups of Conceptions




Functional aspect.

Auditory aspect.

Articulatory and physiological aspect of speech sounds.

Speech sounds are acoustic effects of the articulatory movements and positions of the human speech organs. Speech is impossible without the following four mechanisms:

1. The power mechanism,

2. The vibrator mechanism,

3. The resonator mechanism,

4. The obstructor mechanism.

The power mechanism consists of:

1) the diaphragm,

2) the lungs,

3) the bronchi,

4) the windpipe (or trachea),

5) the glottis,

6) the larynx,

7) the mouth cavity,

8) the nasal cavity.

The vibrator mechanism (the voice producing mechanism) consists of:

1) the vocal cords

2) the larynx, or voice box.

The vocal cords may be opened or closed (completely or incompletely). The pitch of the voice is controlled mostly by the tension of the vocal cords.

The resonator mechanism consists of:

1) the pharynx,

2) the larynx,

3) the mouth cavity,

4) the nasal cavity.

The obstructor mechanism consists of:

1) the tongue,

2) the lips,

3) the teeth,

4) the soft pal­ate with the uvula,

5) the hard palate,

6) the alveolar ridge.

It is a sound perception aspect. The listener hears the sound, percepts its acoustic features and the hearing mechanism selects from the acoustic information only what is linguistically important.

Every language unit performs a certain function in actual speech. Functional aspect deals with these functions. The main linguistic functions of various elements of the language are:

1) discriminatory – to distinguish one sequence of sounds (words, sentences) from anothrt with a different meaning

2) social – forming syllables, words, sentences, texts.

 

3. Phoneme theory. mentalistic & functional approaches.

1) includes the conception that pay special attention to the abstract aspect. This vie is called mentalistic or psychological. According to it, the phoneme is the ideal mental image, it doesn’t exist objectively, it exists only in the mind of the speaker. Actual speech sounds are an imperfect realization of the phoneme. These ideas were expressed by Бодуэн-де-Куртене and later developed by Sapir and others.

2) functional group conception. Because special attention is given to the ability of the phoneme to differentiate the meaning. Scholars are particularly interested in distinctive features, while non-distinctive features are often ignored.

Trubetskoy, Jakobson and Bloomfield.

The greatest achievement of these scholars was that their theory gave rise to phonology as a linguistic discipline. However it resulted in the separation of phonetics and phonology. They claimed that only phonology was a linguistic discipline, while phonetics should belong to biology. The material aspect was ignored by this theory.

3) the material aspect is exaggerated. This approach is called physical and is represented by D. Johnes and an American scholar B. Bloch. And they regarded the phoneme as the family of sounds, i.e. the phoneme is a mechanical sum of its allophones. So, similarity between sounds is considered to be the main criterion for attributing them to a particular phoneme. They ignored abstract and functional aspects.

There are many definitions of the phoneme which reflect different aspects of this linguistic unit

-The phoneme-is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds. It’s opposed to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.

-The phoneme-is a functional unit. Its function is to discriminate between morphemes, words and utterances: but// beat, bed//bad, ship//sheep. Phonemes fulfill here a distinctive function.

- The phoneme is a class of allophones, a class of sounds which are phonetically similar and show certain characteristic pattern of distribution in the language or dialect under consideration.

-The phonemes of a language are the elements that stand in contrast with each other in the phonological system of the language.

The phoneme is material, real, objective. They realize themselves in speech through speech sounds, their allophones which are characterized by some phonetic similarity between them.

Allophones-variants of phoneme which are used in definite positions due to the tradition of a language pronunciation.

Any phoneme is a functional unit (its function is to distinguish one word or its grammatical form from the other.

Ferdinand de Sausseur vied phonemes not as sound material matter but some disembodied (oтделяющие) units of the language formed by the differences separating its acoustic image from the rest of the units. His conception is abstractional.-phoneme is a structural element of the

D. Jones denied Sausseur’s concepon. He presents a phoneme as a family of sounds consisting of an important sound of the language together with the other related sounds.-the phoneme is the sum total of all its allophones.

Trubetskoy defined the phoneme as a unity of phonologically relevant features.(relevant feature is one without which we cannot distinguish one phoneme from another)

Sherba defined the phoneme as a real independent distinctive unit which manifests itself in the form а its allophones.

 

Summing up: a phoneme comprises material, real and objective features and at the same time abstractional and generalized. It exists in the material form of speech sounds(allophones)

The functions of phonemes:

-Constitutive (sounds constitute words,phrases and sentences)

-Distinctive (sounds help to distinguish words)

-Recognitive (allophones help to recognize words, sentences and phrases).

The articulatory features which form the invariant of the phoneme are called distinctive(relevant)

The articulatory features which do not serve to distinguish meaning are called non- distinctive

(irrelevant)

Distribution:

-Free variation (the variation of the one and the same phoneme pronounced by different speakers)

-Complementary distribution (when a phoneme occurs in such positions where no other phoneme can occur (clear dark <l> in “little”)

-Contrastive distribution (when we deal with phonemes in contrasted pairs: big//bag, bake//cake)

Methods of discovering:

-Minimal pairs

-Distinctive oppositions (finding as many pairs of words as possible which differ in one phoneme)

Communication test-the substitution of one sound for another when the meaning changes together with the change of sounds we deal with different phonemes.




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