The work of the vocal cords

The place of articulation

The place of articulation. The work of the vocal cords. The position of the soft palate

The classification of English consonant phonemes

Consonants

Unit 13

Main Theoretical Concepts:

The place of articulation is determined by the active organ of speech against the point of articulation. According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation (the place of articulation) consonants are classified into: (1) labial, (2) lingual, (3) glottal .

Labial consonants are subdivided into: a) bilabial and b) labiodental. Bilabial consonants are produced with both lips. They are the English [p, b, m, w]. Labiodental consonants are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the upper teeth. They are the English [f, v].

Lingual consonants are subdivided into: a) forelingual, b) mediolingual and c) backlingual. Forelingual consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue. According to the position of the tip of the tongue they may be: a) apical and b) cacuminal. According to the place of obstruction forelingual consonants may be: dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, post-alveolar. Dental consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue projected between the teeth [θ, ð]. Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue on the alveolar ridge [t, d, s, z, n, 1]. Palato-alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the teeth ridge, the front part of the tongue raised towards the hard palate—two places of articulation [t∫, ʤ, ∫, ʒ ]. Post-alveolar consonants are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue against the back part of the teeth ridge [r].

Mediolingual consonants are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are always palatal. Palatal consonants are articulated with the front part of the tongue raised high to the hard palate [j].

Backlingual consonants are also called velar, they are produced with the back part of the tongue raised towards the soft palate "velum" [k, g, ŋ].

The glottal consonant [h] is articulated in the glottis.

According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation consonants are subdivided into voiced and voiceless. The force of exhalation and the degree of muscular tension are greater in the production of voiceless consonants therefore they are called by the Latin word “ fortis”, which means “strong, energetic”. Voiced consonants are called “ lenis ”, “soft, weak”, because the force of exhalation and the degree of muscular tension in their articulation are weaker. Sonorant sounds do not enter “fortis” – “lenis” opposition.

Voiced consonants are: [b, d, g, z, v, ð, ʒ, m, n, ŋ, 1, r, j, w, ʤ].

Voiceless consonants are: [p, t, k, s, f, θ, h, ∫, t∫].

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