The system of phonological oppositions in English

THE ORTHOEPIC NORMS.

There exist numerous varieties of pronunciation in any L. Dialects have some peculiarities in pron, voc and grammar structure. Every dialectal pron is characterized by features that are common to all the other dialects of the L. Among the most well-known dialects are cockney. The ON of a L is the standart pron adopted by native so\peakers as the right and proper way of speaking. It is used of the most educated part of population. The ON is based on the variants of pron that are widely used in actual speech, that reflect the main ph tendencies. The ON always included a set of stylistic varianrs of pron which are ‘acceptable’ only in certain circumstances. The ON comprises well-estanlished variants of pron acceptable in all the varieties of speech, and it also includes stylistic varints that are acceptable only in some varieties of speech in case they do not violate the main ph tendencies the pron dictionaries record the well-established pron as first variants. The less frequent variants of pron are generally recorded as secondary variants.in connected speech the sound structures of words are greatly modified under the influence of rhythm, tempo and utterance stress. The dictionaries therefore register the codified norm and only partly reflect the actual pron in general use. The ON is not constant and fixed for all centuries and generations. Variation of the ON is natural objective phenomenon, which reflects the development of L. British E pron is exposed to external influemce. On the British tel and screen there is a lot of Am speech which works against the srandartization of the pron, especially with the younger generation.

The second problem of phonological analysis is the identification of the inventory of distinctive features on which all the phonological oppositions in the L are based. Every sound is characterized by a number of features, not all of which are equally important for communication. The problem is to decide which og the features of a group of common sounds in a certain L are phonologically relevant and which of them are irrelevant, or incidental. This is important not only for s detailed characterization of the phonemic systems of Land the identification of their typology. Each phoneme is characterized by a certain number of phonologically relevant features, which are its constant distinctive features. Each allophone of a certain phoneme is characterized be define phonologically relevant features plus a number of irrelevant features. Oppositions, based on the active organ of speech:1.bilabial-forelingual (pen-men); 2. Bilabial-mediolingual (wail-yail); 3. Bilabial-backlingual (bay-gay); 4. Forelingual- mediolingual(less-yes); 5. Forelingual- backlingual (take-cake); 6. Forelingual-phatyneal (they-hay); 7. Labiodentals-forelingual (fat-sat). there are oppositions based on the type of obstruction: 1. Plosive-fricative (pen-when); 2. Plosive-affricate (till-chill); 3. Plosive-sonorant (bad-mad); 4. Fricative-sonorant (vine-wine); 4. Frivative-affricate (share-chair); 5.cnstrictive sonoranr-occlusive sonorant(we-me); 6. Flat narrowing-round narrowing (thing-sing); 7. Unicentral-bicentral (see-she).

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