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IV. Articulatory transitions
Ы Hl M М M M M The phoneme /ai/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: •idea /atldia/, my /mai/. /ai/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: "labial bilabial: pie, by labio-dental: fight lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: thigh alveolar: tie, die post-alveolar, cacuminal: right palato-alveolar: shy, child lingual, backlingual: kite pharyngal (glottal): high Ы is followed by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: type, time labio-dental: life lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: scythe alveolar: night, ride_ palato-alveolar: oblige lingual, backlingual: like For contextual variations see /ei/. The starting point may vary: a) close starting point, above /да/ characterizes affected speech; b) retracted starting point is found in Cockney and Birmingham. /au/ The phoneme /au/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: owlish /'auhJV, now /nau/. /au/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: pound,- bound labio-dental: fowl lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: thousand alveolar: town, down post-alveolar, cacuminal: round palato-alveolar: shout lingual, backlingual: cow pharyngal (glottal): how 138 /au/ is followed by consonants characterized as: lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: mouth alveolar: rout, crowd palato-alveolar; pouch The first element is shorter before fortis, compare: /laut — laud/. In prestigious old-fashioned speech the nucleus is more back. Very front starting points are found in many dialects. /01/ The phoneme /01/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: oily /bill/, boy /boi/. /oi/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: point, boy labio-dental: foil lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar: toy, doily post-alveolar, cacuminal: roister lingual, medio-lingual: yoick lingual, backlingual: coy pharyngal (glottal): hoist [oil is followed by consonants characterized as: labial labio-dental: coif lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar: adroit, annoyed palato-alveolar: voyage lingual, backlingual: hoik For contextual variations see /ei/, A very close nucleus may be^heard only in dialects, e. g. Cockney. The phoneme /эй/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: obey /aulbei/, no /пэи/. /эй/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: poach, bow labio-dental: foe lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: thole alveolar: tow, dome post-alveolar, cacuminal: road palato-alveolar: show, choke lingual, backlingual: coal, go pharyngal (glottal): hoe /эй/ is followed by consonants characterized ast labial bilabial: hope labiodental: loaf lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: growth, alveolar: wrote, rode palato-alveolar: coach lingual, backlingual: oak The first element of the diphthong /эй/ is reduced before foriis consonants, compare: coat — code. Before dark [I] the second element is sometimes lost, the diph-Jhong reminds /з:/, e. g. coat /кэи!/—>-/кз:1/, saAo/e/haul/—+/Ьз:1/- The phoneme /ю/ may occur in initial and in terminal position! eery /'юн/, idea /aiidia/. [ю] is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: peer, beer labio-dental: fear lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: theatre alveolar: tear, dear post-alveolar, cacuminal: rear palato-alveolar: sheer lingual, medio-lingual: year lingual, backlingual: Kßary pharyngal (glottal): hear Ivdl is followed by alveolar consonants and sonorants Im, n, r, 1/: labial bilabial: museum lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar: beard, fierce,^ librarian, centennial post-alveolar: appearing The nucleus may begin closer, nearer to hi. Dialect speakers have very close starting points, as a sequence of I'v.l to /э/. Very open endings are characteristic of affected speech. This phoneme is highly variable, because the glide /э/ is more sonorous than the nucleus /i/. Thus /ia/ may be divided morphologically into the nucleus and the glide in unstressed position, e. g. theoretical /Oiairetilral, 01-э-1геиЫ/. Greater sonority of the glide may lead to the /je/, /ja:/ instead of /ю/ articulation, e, g. frontier /ifrAntra, tfrAntja/. /1Э/ may turn into /t/ in terminal position: real /rial, nl/. Jn present day RP year is pronounced as /ja:/. The phoneme /еэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: airway /teswei/, air /еэ/. /еэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: pear, bear labio-dentai: fare lingual, forelingual, apical dental, interdental: there alveolar: tear, dare post-alveolar, cacuminal: rare palato-alveolar: share lingual, medio-lingual: Yare lingual, backlingual: care pharyngal (glottal): hare /еэ/ is followed by consonants: labial bilabial: Shairp Üngual, forelingual, apical alveolar spared, scarce The chief variation is in the presence or absence of t he/э/off-glide. The use of the stable nucleus /e:/ is on the increase, e. g. scarce /ske:s/, scares /ske:z/. The phoneme /иэ/ may occur in initial and in terminal position: Urdu /'uadu/, poor /риэ/. /иэ/ is preceded by consonants characterized as: labial bilabial: poor, boor lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar: tour, dour post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural palato-alveolar: sure lingual, medio-Iingual: your lingual, backlingual: kursaal pharyngal (glottal): houri /иэ/ is followed by consonants: labial bilabial: gourmand lingual, forelingual, apical alveolar: bourn post-alveolar, cacuminal: rural The phoneme /иэ/ is highly variable because the nucleus of this «diphthong is more sonorous than the glide. Its pronunciation may lead to phonological disintegration of /иэ/ into /u/ and /э/: influence /'пШи-эпз/. In this case the morphological division takes place within the diphthong /иэ/. The greater sonority of the glide may also lead to the substitution of /w/ for /u/: influence /imfluvrans/. In an accented syllable /иэ/ may turn into /o:/, e. g. sure, poorr your, you're and other high frequency words. The phoneme /иэ/ may turn into /u/ before dark [I]: usual The use of /o:/ in such words as tourist, moor, sure, furious, is becoming more and more frequent. Questions 1. What is the difference between closing and centring diphthongs? 2. What can you say about distributional, contextual and idiolecta! peculiarities of the diphthongs /ei, ai, 01, та, еэ, из, аи, эй/? Exercises 1. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution (a) way, may, veil, they, lay, nay, rate, jail, Yale, gay, hate: (b) Ьабе, shave, bathe, pace, maize, pain, age, plague 2. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution [precede and (b) follow it. (a) why, my, vile, thy, lie, night, ride, jibe, kind, high; (b) imbibe, time, five, lithe, mice, rise, nine, oblige, Mike 3. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribu (a) wow, mouse, vow, thou, loud, now, round, chow, gown, how; (b) mouth (v), crowd, mouse, owl, down, gouge 4. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate ihe distribution (a) moist, voyage, soil, loiter, roister, joy, yoick, goiter, hoist; (b) coif, choice, oil, join, voyage, hoik 5. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution (a) woe, mow, vote, though, so, zone, low, no, rope, joke, yolk, (b) home, rove, loathe, rode, close, pole, own, doge, rogue. 6. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution Hi (a) weir, mere, veer, theatre, sear, zero, lear, near, rear, cheer, (b) licentiate, beard, fierce, hear, ideals, antipodean 7. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution (a) ware, mare, variance, there, Zara, lair, Nares, rare, chair, (b) Shairp, theirs, Pitcairn 8. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to illustrate the distribution* (a) wooer, moot, zoological, luer, rural, chewer, jurist, your, gourd; 'b) gourd, arduous, Boers, annual, bourn Control Tasks *1. Sort out these words according to the distributional characteristics of the phonemes /ei, эй, ai, аи, oi,», вэ, иэ/ in relation to the (A) preceding or (B) following consonants. Follow the order of consonant classification: (1) Labial a) bilabial, b) lablo-dental. (2) Lingual, forelingual a) apical, (inter)dental, b) apical alveolar, c) apical palato-alveolar, d) cacuminal post-alveolar. (3) Lingual medio-Iingual. (4) Lingual backlingual. (5) Pharyngal (glottal), /ei/ stay, pay, game, again, make, lake, lay, pain, case, day, weigh, rain, famous, ray, able, way, ache, late, lain, David, age, waste, pale, sane, taken, Wales, shape, face, gave, paint /аи/ go, over, hope, boating, hotel, show, hold, only, follow, road, shoulder, poker, foe, gold, don't, old, cold, both, motor, total, bureau, social, though, low, poet, yolk, motive, so, nose, cosy, jokes, noticed /ai/ why, high, kind, wife, wild, mild, lie, die, nine, while, silence, profile, right, eye, side, like, kindly, isles, eyes, idea, rise, climb, quite, my, bright, Michael, kite /аи/ how, thousand, south, now, down, round, pound, mouth, drown, out, couch, found, loud, sound join, enjoy, boy, point, coin, destroy, soil, employ, noise, joint /в/ dear, near, year, idea, Crimea, here, severe, museum, accordeon, fear, clear, ears, cheer, theatre, real, realize, appear, period, tear, weary /sa/ there, parents, anywhere, care, stare, bare', area, various, despair, square, stairs, carefully, pair, Mary, dare, farewell /из/ ' sure, poor, tour, during, usual, moor, Europe *2. Transcribe these words. Use them as examples to explain the rules for reading the letters in bold type which represent the diphthongs /ei, эй, ai, аи, э], за, еэ, us/. south, sincerely, strangely, facilitated, noticeable, winding, poor, following, realize, motor, heighten, potatoes, over night, theatre, jurist, Mary, Michael Angelo, Jane Eyre, enjoyment, typhoid, Europe, dour
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