References

Reader-oriented approaches

Impressionistic approach (H. Menken) emphasises immediate emotional perception of literary works.

Modern reader-oriented approaches hold on to consciousness as the central instance of reading, they are influenced by phenomenology, which maintains that the self and the world are only given in consciousness, and Gadamer’s hermeneutics, which argues that meaning is generated in a dialogue between the reader and the text, which is always a process situated in historical circumstances.

The reader-response theory (Wolfgang Iser, Norman Holland, Hans Robert Jauss) aims at studying the reader’s psychological and intellectual response; it questions the stability of the textual meaning. The representative of the reader-response theory W. Iser states that a literary work is the combination of the actual text and the response of the reader to it. The unsaid, specific information and gaps of indeterminacy are filled by each reader differently. Norman Holland realised that a reader’s personal identity theme conditions their typical reaction to the text. H.R. Jauss included historical circumstances (horizon of expectations, values, models of reality and of art) in his version of reception theory. R. Ingarden introduced the notion of actualization mechanism, meaning the way a small detail turns into a long chain of associations.

Narratology (M. Riffater, G. Gennett, Wolf Schmid) combines studying the text as well as the reader’s response. A literary work is treated as aesthetic communication between the narrator and the recipient.

At present we can observe the process of integration of different critical methodologies.

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