Conjunctions connecting two or more homogeneous subjects

§ 62.

Pronouns as subject

1. Indefinite pronouns (somebody, someone, anybody),

universal pronouns (everybody, everyone, everything, each, either),

negative pronouns (nobody, no one, neither, etc.)

take a singular predicate.

Somebody is asking for you.

Nobody has come except me.

Everyone of us is present.

Neither of the students has made a mistake.

Each has answered well.

However, none has a plural verb-predicate.

None were here.

None of us understand it.

None of them have come.

All in the sense of «всё» has a singular verb, while all in the senseof«все» takes a plural verb.

All is well that ends well.

All that glitters is not gold.

All were in favour of the plan.

2. Interrogative pronouns who, what take a singular verb-predicate.

Who has come? What is there?

But if the pronoun denotes more than one person or thing a plural verb-predicate is used.

Who are walking in the garden?

Who have agreed to act?

3. With relative pronouns the form of the verb depends on the noun or pronoun which is its antecedent.

Do you know the girl who lives next door?

(The girl lives...)

Do you know the girls who live next door?

(The girls live...)

Mary is one of those girls who never know what they will do next.

Even I, who have seen it all, can hardly believe it.

It is you who are right. It is I who am wrong.

But: It’s me who is wrong.

4. The universal pronoun both has a plural verb-predicate.

Which of the letters are yours? Both are mine.

§ 63. A plural verb-predicate is used in the following cases:

1. With homogeneous subjects connected by and.

Sun and air are necessary for life.

Tom and Mary are my friends.

The ebb and the flow of the tide are regular.

Note:

However, with structures where coordinated nouns refer to one thing or person a singular verb-predicate is used.

Bread and butter is not enough for breakfast. (one object is meant)

Bacon and eggs makes a traditional English breakfast. (one dish is meant)

The painter and decorator is here. (one person is meant)

If the article is repeated, the reference is to two persons or objects, and a plural verb-predicate is used.

The bread and the butter are on the table. (two separate object are meant)

The painter and the decorator are here. (two persons are meant)

Likewise, when a singular noun-subject has two attributes characterizing the same person or non-person connected by and it has a singular verb and the article is not repeated.

A tall and beautiful girl was waiting in the office.

A black and white kitten was playing on the hearth rug.

But if the attributes characterize different persons or non-persons the verb is in the plural and the article is repeated.

A black and a white kitten were playing on the hearth rug. (A black kitten was playing and a white kitten was playing.)

The yellow and the red car were badly damaged.

However, the article is repeated before each attribute only with countable nouns. Uncountables have no article.

In modern hotels hot and cold water are supplied in every room.

American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British.

Good and bad taste are shown by examples.

With plural nouns only one article is used.

The Black and Mediterranean Seas never freeze.

2. With homogeneous subjects connected by both... and.

Both the bread and the butter are fresh.

Both the teacher and the students have come.

§ 64. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions not only... hut also, either... or, or, neither... nor the verb-predicate agrees with the nearest noun-subject. (This is the so-called “proximity rule”.)

Either my sister or my parents are at home.

Either my parents or my sister is at home.

Neither you nor I am right.

Neither I nor you are right.

Not only my parents but also my brother knows about it.

Not only my brother but also my parents know about it.

Is Tom or Mary eager to meet you at the station?

§ 65. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions as well as, rather than, as much as, more than the verb-predicate agrees with the first one.

My parents as well as my sister are teachers.

My sister as well as my parents is a teacher.

The manager as well as/rather than/more than/as much as the members of the board is responsible for the

present situation.

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