Modal Verbs

DISCOVERING LANGUAGE

DEVELOPING VOCABULARY

1. Complete the table with missing words, the first has been done for you:

Noun	Verb	Adjective
stability	stabilize	stable
	socialize
population
		governmental
	stabilize
executive
		authoritarian, authoritative
access
		responsible
	elect

2. Find the words in the text with similar meanings to these:

1. be located

2. reserves

3. chief, main

4. language

5. power

6. adapt, become similar

7. home, headquarters

8. greater part, more than half

3. Match the verbs on the left with a suitable object on the right to make correct word-combinations. Say in what connection these collocations are mentioned in the text.

1. to be washed	a. states
2. to provide	b. a President
3. to be made up of	c. by the oceans
4. to be entrusted to	d. two elective houses
5. to succeed	e. easy access to
6. to have	f. separate authorities
7. to control	g. presidency
8. to contest	h. the nation’s currency

4. Read the text and use the suggested words to fill in each of the blanks. Make up a summary of the text.

supreme; federation; bicameral; plurality; the House of Representatives; judges; the Senate; approval; democracy; the Cabinet

The United States is the world's oldest surviving … (1). It is a constitutional republic and representative … (2). The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances (система сдержек и противовесов) defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's … (3) legal document. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local; the local government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a … (4) vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.

The federal government is composed of three branches:

• Legislative: The … (5) Congress, made up of … (6) and … (7), makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
• Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the members of … (8) (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
• Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose … (9) are appointed by the president with Senate …(10), interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.

1. Here is some information for visitors to New York City. Fill in the missing words. Use one word only in each space. In some gaps you will have to use “be allowed to” and “be supposed to”.

Before you travel to the USA, you must find out what documents you need. British people do not (1) … to get visa, but there are different rules for different nationalities. For example, you (2) … need to show that you have enough money with you. But there’s one rule you can be sure about: everyone (3) … to show their passport. The roads in New York are very busy, but don’t worry – you (4) … get around cheaply and easily by subway. Remember that you are not (5) … to smoke on public transport or in shops. And don’t forget either that you are (6) … to tip taxi drivers and waiters. New York is not the most dangerous city in the US, but you really (7) … not walk along empty streets at night. And it is safer if you are (8) … to travel in a group.

2. Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

1. Perhaps Susan knows the address. (may)

2. I managed to finish all my work. (able)

3. The report must be on my desk tomorrow morning. (has)

4. It is possible that Joanne did not receive my message. (might)

1. It was not necessary for Nancy to fill in this form. (didn't)

6. The best thing for you to do is to check all the figures. (better)

7. I’m sure she discussed this problem with the manager. (must)

8. It’s not necessary for you to promise – I know I can trust you. (need)

9. Persuading Adrian to order these goods was a bad thing to do. (should)

10. We should consult an expert before we make a decision. (better)

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