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Consonants
Vowels
Vowels undergo different types of changes: 1. Qualitative change – affects the quality of a sound (e.g. [o à Λ]). 2. Quantitative change – affects the length of a sound (e.g. [i à i:]). 3. Dependent/positional change – a change that occurs in certain position or in certain phonetic conditions (e.g. bit_ – bit e [b i t à b ai t]). 4. Independent/spontaneous change – affects a certain sound in all positions irrespective of phonetic conditions and serves to distinguish a grammatical phenomenon (ablaut) (more about it in Lecture 4). Main tendencies in Vowel Changes in the Germanic Languages: 1. Short vowels à become neutralized. 2. Long vowels à become short and more open. à become diphthongized and more closed.
Proto-Germanic Vowel System:
Some vowel correspondences between Germanic and on-Germanic Languages:
The comparison of the Germanic and non-Germanic languages within the Indo-European family reveals regular correspondences between German and non-German consonants. First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law) – in the 19th Jacob Grimm, a German scholar, discovered the existence of regular correspondence between Indo-European (IE) and German consonants and subdivided them into 3 groups:
Verner’s Law – Carl Verner, a Danish scholar (19th c.), explained the consonant correspondences as a gradual historical process (a change takes place in the course of time):
P.S.: these processes usually happened on condition that the consonants were situated between vowels and if preceded by an unstressed vowel. Modern Examples: see th e – so dd en, dea th – dea d, wa s – we r e.
Second Consonant Shift – happened in the 9th c. in Old High German and today we can observe it comparing English and German:
H/w: 1. Ex. 3-5, p. 48-49 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева (copies).
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