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Old English Alphabet
Alphabets Old English Written Records Lecture 6 The first Old English written records are considered to be the runic inscriptions. To make these inscriptions people used the Runes/the Runic Alphabet – the first original Germanic Alphabet. Runes/Runic Alphabet: · appeared in the 3rd – 4th c. A.D.; · it was also called Futhark (after the first 6 letters of this alphabet); · the word “rune” meant “secret, mystery” and was used to denote magic inscriptions on objects made of wood, stone, metal; · each symbol indicated a separate sound (one symbol = one sound); · the symbols were angular due to the fact that they had to be carved on hard materials; · the number of symbols: GB – 28-33; on the continent – 16-24). See the copy of the alphabet (additional information)
Best known Runic Inscriptions: 1. Franks Casket – a box with 4 sides made of whale bone, each side contained a picture in the centre and runic inscriptions around the picture that told the story of the whale bone in alliterative verse. 2. Ruthwell Cross – was found near thevillage of Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, it is a 15 feet tall stone cross ornamented in all sides with runic inscriptions that are actually a passage from a religious poem “The Dream of the Rood”. The Old English Alphabet was borrowed from Latin, but there were also some letters that were borrowed from the Runic Alphabet: ·? (“thorn”) = [q] and [ð] ·? (“wynn”) = [w] ·? (“mann”) = stood for OE word “man” ·? (“dæζ”) = stood for OE word “day” Some new letters were introduced: · ζ = [g] and [j]; · ð/þ/Đ/đ = [q] and [ð]; · æ = a ligature of [a] and [e]; · œ = a ligature of [o] and [e]. Rules of Reading: They resemble the modern rules, with several exceptions though: 1. f = [v] --- 1. between vowels; s = [z] 2. between a vowel and a voiced consonant ([r, m, n, l, d, etc.]). ð/þ = [ð] 2. ζ – [j] – between and after front vowels ([e, i, æ]); – [g] – initially and between back vowels ([a, o, u]). 3. cζ = [gg]. 4. c = [k]. 5. n = [ŋ] when fallowed by [k] or [g]. See also § 111-113 on p. 71-74 in “История английского языка” by Т.А. Расторгуева (copies).
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