Call an ambulance, complain to the manager, run away, try to catch it,

Type Two

Type One

Make these sentences more polite. (Different answers are possible.)

Choose the correct verbs to rewrite the sentences with the same meaning.

e.g. I know how to swim. (can /may) – I can swim.

16. It is necessary for you to phone Martin. (must/might)

17. It is possible that Ann will be here this evening. (can / might)

18. It is not necessary for you to wait. (mustn't / needn't)

19. It's not good for people to watch TV all the time. (mustn't /shouldn't)

20. Do you want me to open a window? (shall/will)

5. Correct (+) or wrong (–)?

21. You should had told me before.

22. You have better to stop smoking.

23. Why had you to go to work yesterday?

6. Choose the correct answers:

24. She has new clothes every week. She can / could / must have plenty of money.

25. She doesn't answer the phone. She mustn't / can't shouldn't be in her office.

26. Bill isn't here. He may has gone / may have gone / may have go home.

e.g. Give me some water. – Can I have some water?

27. I want a cup of coffee.

28. Can I take a photograph of you?

29. Close the door, John.

Conditional sentences

The sentences of this type express real or very probable situations in the present or future.

Main clause	If-clause
Future Simple / imperative / can/ may/might/must/should + bare infinitive Present Simple (for general truths)	Any present form (Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect)
He will be on time for the meeting if he leaves early. If you are tired, go to bed! If you have finished your work, we can go for a walk. If you heat water, it boils. (general truth, zero conditional) I will ask her if I should see her. (slight possibility)

1.1 Match the following parts of the sentences:

1. If I go on a diet, A. we’ll make a snowman.

2. If it’s sunny tomorrow, B. I’ll buy you some chocolate.

3. If John doesn’t hurry, C. she’ll have to take a taxi.

4. If it snows, D. I’ll lose weight.

5. If there are no buses, E. he’ll be late.

6. If you are a good girl, F. we’ll go for a picnic.

NOTE 1: “unless” means “if not” (normally used with 1st type conditionals) – e.g. We’ll go for a picnic unless it rains. = We’ll go for a picnic if it does n’t rain.

“Unless” is used only in the sense “ except if ”: e.g. My wife will be upset if I don’t get back tomorrow. – My wife will be upset unless I get back tomorrow. “If not” doesn’t mean “except if” here.

1.2 Fill in: unless or if:

1. If you make so much noise, I won’t be able to sleep.

2. I’ll tell you ____ there are any messages for you.

3. I won’t finish the work ____ you help me.

4. ____ you are hungry, I’ll make you a sandwich.

5. We’ll miss the bus ____ we hurry.

6. They won’t get married ____ he gets a job.

1.3 Join the beginnings and ends together, using unless instead of if not:

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there's a strike.

Beginnings	Ends
I'll be back tomorrow He'll get thrown out of school I always watch TV in the evenings Let's have dinner out I'll see you at ten I'll tell you a good joke Things will go on getting worse We're going to have a picnic You can have the last sausage You can't open the door	if he doesn't start working. if I don't phone to say I can't come. if I don't go out. if it doesn't rain. if the children don't want it. if there isn't a change of government. if there isn't a strike. if you're not too tired. if you don't know the code. if you haven't heard it before.

1.4 Zero conditional. Put the verbs into the correct tense:

e.g. Water (freeze) if the temperature falls below zero. – Water freezes if the temperature falls below zero.

1. If he's angry, his face always _____ (go) bright red.

2. If you put your money in a savings account, you _____ (get) ten percent interest.

3. If the microphone isn't working, you _____ (can not) hear what he's saying.

4. The radio _____ (not work) if the batteries are flat.

5. If there _____ (be) only a few students, we usually close one of the classes.

6. The machine _____ (not work) if it doesn't have enough oil.

7. If a balloon is filled with hot air, it _____ (rise).

8. If water _____ (boil), it changes into steam.

9. The machine stops automatically if something _____ (go) wrong.

1.5 Join the beginnings and ends, putting in if:

Beginnings	Ends
anybody asks you what you're doing, How can you make decisions I buy three kilos, I don't get up till nine, I can't fix the video, I'll go with you The shops are easy to get to We don't have to go out you're ready before eight, You have to practise	I'll take it back to the shop. you're not feeling up to it. say you're with me. that'll do for a few weeks. I never get anything done. we can catch the early train. you want to learn a musical instrument. you don't know what's going on? you like. you park near the station.

NOTE 2: Note the difference between if and when – If: something may happen. When: something definitely happens.

1.6 If or when?

1. _____ I become President.

2. _____ it gets dark.

3. _____ the film finishes.

4. _____ she passes her exam.

5. _____ it doesn't rain tomorrow.

6. _____ I wake up tomorrow.

7. _____ you change your mind.

8. _____ his parents die.

9. _____ the bus stops

1.7 Write these sentences putting the verbs in brackets into the present Simple or the Future Simple:

e.g. If the train’s late, we will walk (walk).

1. If you _____ (say) that again, I _____ (scream).

2. I _____ (be) surprised if she _____ (manage) to sell that car.

3. If the boys _____ (come) to supper, I _____ (cook) chicken breasts.

4. I _____ (need) some money if we _____ (go) out tonight.

5. I _____ (miss) you if we _____ (move) to Wales.

6. If you _____ (wash) up, I _____ (dry).

7. Ann _____ (be) sorry if Helen _____ (not come).

8. If you _____ (get) lonely, I hope you _____ (phone) me – any time.

9. If you _____ (look) in the top drawer, you _____ (find) your passport.
10. It _____ (be) funny if Norman _____ (get) the job.

NOTE 3: We use “in case” to talk about precautions – things we do to be ready for what might happen. After “in case” we use a present tense to talk about the future.

e.g. I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.

“In case”is not the same as “if”.Compare:

I'll buy a bottle of wine (now) in case Roger comes (later). I'll buy a bottle of wine (later) if Roger comes (and if he doesn't come I won't).

1.8 If or in case?

1. I'm taking my umbrella with me _____ it rains.

2. I'll open the umbrella _____ it rains.

3. People phone the fire brigade _____ their houses catch fire.

4. People insure their houses _____ they catch fire.

5. We have a burglar alarm _____ somebody tries to break in.

6. The burglar alarm will go off _____ somebody tries to break in.

7. I'll let you know _____ I need help.

8. I'll take the mobile phone _____ I need to phone you.

NOTE 4: We can use “should” in the if-clause when we are less sure about the possibility – problematic condition: e.g. If I should meet her, I’ll ask her. (I may meet her, but I doubt it.)

The sentences of this type express improbable situations in the present or future (UNREAL PRESENT). It is also used to give advice.

Main clause	If-clause
WOULD / COULD / MIGHT + bare infinitive	Past Simple or Past Continuous
If I saw a ghost, I would run away. (not likely to happen) If I were you, I wouldn’t go out with him. (advice)

NOTE 1: “were” is used instead of “was” in all persons.

NOTE 2: We can omit "if". When we omit "if" should, were and had (Past Perfect) come before the subject.

e.g. If he should turn up, tell him to wait for me. → Should he turn up, tell him to wait for me.

If I were you, I would speak to her. → Were I you, I would speak to her.

If he had known, he would have told us. → Had he known, he would have told us.

2.1 What would you do in each situation? Write unreal present conditionals, use the ideas below:

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