Functional vocabulary. Find out exactly what each of these techniques involves by reading the descriptions below and matching them correctly with one of the labels from the above

Find out exactly what each of these techniques involves by reading the descriptions below and matching them correctly with one of the labels from the above list. Check and compare your answers with your partner

Below is a list of techniques which advertisers commonly use to persuade us to buy their products.

They talk about similar topics, but not in the same order. Listen to the interviews and answer the questions.

1. What sort of programmes do they find offensive? Why? What examples do they give?

What do you think the aims of advertisements are? What does their effectiveness depend on?

The importance of consumer discrimination in domestic life is clear. Indeed the evaluation and selection of manufactured items – from soap powders to cars – is an inescapable part of life in today’s society. But most people have little knowledge of the actual production of what they buy and are therefore unable to make first-hand judgements of quality. So where do ideas of value for money originate? On what basis do we discriminate between two comparable products? Ideally, judgement is based on the type and quality of materials, construction, performance, appearance and price. Often, however, first-hand knowledge of these factors is not available and we rely on advertisements.

The essence of advertising is persuasion. To use reasoned argument in order to persuade people to buy a particular product seems a valid form of propaganda and, indeed, could be expected to assist the process of discrimination. But the advertiser’s concern cannot be solely to assist discrimination. His appeal is therefore rarely directed towards reasons alone but also towards the more emotional responses that may be triggered by associating a product with the private hopes, fears, prejudices, and anxieties that beset the average human being. And if these appeals can be disguised within a reasoned argument, so much the better.

1. Association of ideas	6. Before and after
2. Key words	7. the camera never lies
3. Guilt	8. Repetition
4. Science	9. Brand names
5. Expertise	10. Keeping up with the Joneses

(a) Some products are advertised as having a remarkable and immediate effect. We are shown the situation before using the product and this is contrasted with the situation that follows its use. Taking a tablet for a headache in such advertisements can have truly remarkable results. For not only has the headache gone, but the person concerned has often had a new hair-do, acquired a new set of clothes and sometimes even moved into a more modern, better furnished house.	(c) Advertisements often encourage us to believe that because someone has been successful in one field, he should be regarded as an authority in other fields. The advertiser knows that there are certain people we admire because they are famous sportsmen, actors or singers, and he believes that if we discover that a certain well-known personality uses his product, we will want to use it too. This is why so many advertisements feature famous people.
(b) One thing reminds us of another – especially if we often see them together. These reminders are sometimes more imaginary than real: for some people snow may suggest Christmas, for others silver candlesticks may suggest wealth. The advertiser encourage us to associate his product with those things he thinks we really want – a good job, nice clothes, a sports car, a beautiful girl-friend – and, perhaps most of all, a feeling of importance.	(d) Maybe we can’t always believe what we’re told, but surely we must accept what we’re actually shown. The trouble is that when we look at the photograph we don’t know how the photograph was taken, or even what was actually photographed. Is that delicious-looking whipped cream really cream, or plastic froth? Are the colors in fact so glowing or has a special filter been used? It is often difficult to tell, but you can sometimes spot the photographic tricks if you look carefully enough.
(e) If you keep talking about something for long enough, eventually people will pay attention to you. Many advertisements are based on this principle. If we hear the name of a product many times a day, we are much mere likely to find that this is the name that comes into our head when the shopkeeper asks us ‘What brand?’ We usually like to choose things for ourselves, but if the advertiser plants a name in our heads in this way he has helped to make the choice for us.	(h) The manufacturer needs a name for his product, and of course he looks for a name that will do more than just identify or label: he wants a name that brings suitable associations as well – the ideas that the world bring to mind will help sell the product.
(f) In this age of moon flights, heart transplants and wonder drugs, we are all impressed by science. If an advertiser links his claim with a scientific fact, there’s even a chance we can be blinded by science. The question is simply whether the impressive air of the new discovery or the ‘man-made miracles’ is being used to help or just to hoodwink us.	(i) Most advertisements contain certain words (sometimes, but not always, in bold or large letters, or beginning with a capital letter) that are intended to be persuasive, while at the same time appearing to be informative. In describing a product, copy-writers insert words that will conjure up certain feelings, associations and attitudes. Some words - ‘golden’, for example – seem to have been so successful in selling that advertisers use them almost as if they were magic keys to increase sales.
(g) Advertisers may try to make us want a product by suggesting that most people, or the ‘best’ people, already use it and that we will no doubt want to follow them. No one likes to be inferior to others and these advertisements suggest that you will be unless you buy the product.	(j) Advertisers may invoke feelings that imply you are not doing the best for those you love most. For example, an advertisement may suggest that any mother who really loves her child uses a certain product. If she does not, she might start to think of herself as a bad mother who does not love her family. So she might go and buy that particular product, rather than go on feeling bad about it.