Юридическая конфликтология

CONTENTS

SEMINAR 6. Syntax: syntactical categories.

SEMINAR 5. Syntax: the sentence and the phrase.

SEMINAR 4. The English verb: verbal categories (voice, mood). Non-finite forms of the verb.

SEMINAR 3. The English verb: verbal categories (tense, aspect, perfect).

SEMINAR 2. Parts of speech and their representation in different grammar descriptions of English.

SEMINAR 1. Major theoretical notions. Major linguistic trends.

SEMINARS IN THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

1. What’s the difference between a notional category and a grammatical category?
2. Give examples of a gradual multilateral opposition.
3. Give examples of a binary privative opposition.
4. What kinds of distribution do you know?
5. Give examples of all kinds of distribution.
6. What kinds of opposition were singled by different linguists? Give examples of each.
7. What are the strengths and weaknesses of major linguistic trends?

1. What are possible criteria for the description of parts of speech?
2. Why are parts of speech differently represented in English grammar books?
3. What criteria for a part of speech classification are salient for the English language?
4. Why are grammarians interested in classifying words into parts of speech?
5. What makes grammarians doubt the existence of notional and formal parts of speech?

1. Why does the list of grammatical categories in English differ in various grammar descriptions?
2. How many tenses are there in English? Give different points of view and a system of arguments to prove each.
3. What argument is given to back the so-called “blend” view?
4. What approach to the category of tense is more efficient for the teaching purposes?

1. How many voices are there in English?
2. In which way definitions of the category of voice presuppose different approaches to its description?
3. What are the major non-finite forms of the verb? Characterize each of them.

1. What approaches to the definition of the sentence exist in linguistics? What are the corresponding definitions of the sentence?
2. What are the three sides of the sentence?
3. What’s the difference between the sentence and the phrase? What’s the difference between the sentence and the word?
4. What are the main classifications of phrases? What criteria are they based on?

1. What are the major sentential categories?
2. What categories are applied by linguists to describe the semantic side of the sentence?
3. What categories reveal the pragmatic side of the sentence?

Foreword 3

Preface 5

Preface to the second edition 7

1. INTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL

GRAMMAR: MAJOR TYPES OF GRAMMATICAL

DESCRIPTION 8

2. MAJOR GRAMMATICAL NOTIONS 34

3. THE NOTION OF A MORPHEME 55

4. THE PARTS OF SPEECH SYSTEM

IN FOREIGN LINGUISTICS 63

5. THE PARTS OF SPEECH SYSTEM IN RUSSIAN

LINGUISTICS 81

6. THE ARTICLE 94

7. THENOUN AND ITS GRAMMATICAL

CATEGORIES 107

8. THE VERB. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 124

9. THE CATEGORY OF ASPECT IN MODERN

ENGLISH 135

10. THE CATEGORY OF RETROSPECTIVE

COORDINATION 148

11. THE CATEGORY OF MOOD IN

MODERN ENGLISH 156

12. THE CATEGORY OF VOICE IN MODERN

ENGLISH 167

13. SYNTAX 181

14. THE SENTENCE 195

15. SENTENCE AS AN OBJECT OF

SYNTACTIC STUDIES 209

List of Selected Bibliography 228

List of reference and practice books 231 Terminological dictionaries 232

Seminars in Theoretical English grammar 235

[1] Catell N.R. The New English grammar: A Descriptive Introduction. – Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1969. – P. XIV.

[2] Lyons J. The Scientific Study of Language. Edinburgh: Inaugural Lecture. No 24. - Edinburgh University, 1965. – P. 7.

[3] Catell N.R. The New English grammar: A Descriptive Introduction. – Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1969. – P. 154.

[4] Liles B. L. Linguistics & the English Language: A Transformational Approach. – Pacific Palisades, California: Goodyear Publishing Company Inc., 1972. – P. 12.

[5] Jacobsen B. Transformational generative grammar. – North-Holland, 1978. – P. 45.

[6] The term is also used synonymously with the slightly more specific term transformational-generative grammar.

[7] Newmeyer F.J. Has there been a ‘Chomskyan revolution’ in linguistics // Language. Vol. 62. No 1. - 1986. – P. 1.

[8] Chomsky N. Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar. – The Hague, Paris, New York: Mouton Publishers, 1980. – P. 66.

[9] Степанов Ю.С. Имена. Предикаты. Предложения. (Семиологическая грамматика) / Отв. ред. Ю.Н. Караулов. – М.: Наука, 1981. – С. 194.

[10] Chomsky N. Rules and Representation. – New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. – P. 144.

[11] Cook V.J. Chomsky’s Universal grammar. An Introduction. – Oxford UK & Cambridge USA: Blackwell, 1995. – P. 1.

[12] Jacobsen B. Transformational generative grammar. – North-Holland, 1978. – P. 34.

[13] Chomsky N. Syntactic Structures. - 1957. – P. 94.

[14] Katz J. & Fodor J. The structure of a semantic theory //Readings in the Philosophy of Language / ed. by J. Rosenberg & C. Travis. – Prentice Hall, 1971. – P. 487

[15] A great contribution to generative semantics was made by a group of Russian linguists I. Mel’čuk, A.K. Zholkovsky, Yu. Martemyaynov.

[16] Руднев В. П. Словарь культуры ХХ века. - М.: Аграф, 1997.

[17] Демьянков В.З. Порождающая семантика // Краткий словарь когнитивных терминов / Под ред. Е.С. Кубряковой. – М., 1999. – С. 126-129.

[18] Prince E.F. Discourse Analysis in the Framework of Zellig S. Harris // Current Trends in Textlinguistics / Ed. by W.U. Dressler. – Berlin – New York, 1978. – P. 192.

[19] Enkvist N.E. Stylistics and Text Linguistics // Current Trends in Textlinguistics / Ed. by W.U. Dressler. – Berlin – New York, 1978. – P. 180-181.

[20] Rieser H. On the development of Text Grammar // Current Trends in Textlinguistics / Ed. by W.U. Dressler. – Berlin – New York, 1978. – P. 9.

[21] Halliday M.A.K., Hasan R. Cohesion in English // Хрестоматия по английской филологии / Сост. проф. О.В. Александрова. – М.: Высшая школа, 1991. – С. 98.

[22] Schmidt S.J. Some Problems of Communicative Text Theories // Current trends in Textlinguistics / Ed. by W.U. Dressler. – Berlin – New York, 1978. – P. 47.

[23]McHoul A. Discourse // The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2. / Ed. by R.E. Asher. – Oxford, New York, Seoul, Tokyo: Pergamon Press, 1994. – P. 940.

[24] Crystal D. Introducing Linguistics. – London: Penguin, 1992. - P. 25.

[25] Nunan D. Introducing Discourse Analysis. – London: Penguin English, 1993. – P. 6-7.

[26] Nunan D. Introducing Discourse Analysis. – London: Penguin English, 1993. – P. 7-8.

[27] Saville-Troike M. Communicative Competence // The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Vol. 2. / Ed. by R.E. Asher. – Oxford, New York, Seoul, Tokyo: Pergamon Press, 1994. – P.358.

[28] Nunan D. Introducing Discourse Analysis. – London: Penguin English, 1993. – P. 86-87.

[29] A complete survey of functionalism can be found in the book Современная американская лингвистика: Фундаментальные направления / Под ред. А.А. Кибрика, И.М. Кобозевой и И.А. Секериной. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2002. – С. 276- 339.

[30] Dirven R. Cogntive Linguistics. – Duisburg, Germany: Gerhard Mercator University, 2000. – P. 1.

[31] Dirven R. Cogntive Linguistics. – Duisburg, Germany: Gerhard Mercator University, 2000. – P. 1.

[32] Geeraerts D. Theories of Lexical Semantics. – Oxford University Press, 2010. – P. 259.

[33] Dirven R. Cogntive Linguistics. – Duisburg, Germany: Gerhard Mercator University, 2000. – P. 8-9.

[34] Langacker R. W. The contextual basis of cognitive semantics // Language and Conceptualization / Ed. by J. Nuyts and E.M.C. Pederson. – Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991. – P. 248.

[35] Ungerer F., Schmid H.-J. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics. – London and New York: Longman, 1996. – P. 280.

[36] Кубрякова Е.С. Парадигма // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н. Ярцева. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 366.

[37] N stands for a noun, V stands for a finite verb, v stands for a tense morpheme or an auxiliary verb, P stands for preposition, A stands for an adjective, D stands for an adverb.

[38] Jussive (verb form, etc.), used in commands. Thus, in Let them be freed, the obsolescent use of let has jussive force in English. Cf. imperative: it is not clear that both terms are needed [Matthews 1997: 192].

[39] Земская Е.А. Словообразование как деятельность. – М.: Наука, 1992. – 221 с.

[40]Examples are taken from: Стилистика русского языка: Учебное пособие / В.Д. Бондалетов, С.С. Вартапетова, Э.Н. Кушлина, Н.А. Леонова; Под ред. Н.М. Шанского. – Л.: Просвещение, 1989. – С. 45-48.

[41] Васильев Л.М. Современная лингвистическая семантика. – М.: Высшая школа, 1990. – С. 138.

[42] Кацнельсон С.Д. Категории языка и мышления: Из научного наследия. – М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2001. – С. 565.

[43] Булыгина Т.В., Крылов С.А. Категория // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н. Ярцева. – М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 216.

[44] Бондарко А.В. Функционально-семантическое поле // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н. Ярцева. – М.: Сов. энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 566-567; Бондарко А.В. Теория значения в системе функциональной грамматики: На материале русского языка. – М.: Языки славянской культуры, 2002. – С. 10.

[45] Aitchison J. Words in the mind: an introduction to the mental lexicon. 3^rd ed. – Blackwell Publishers, 2003. – P. 103.

[46] Fries Ch. The Structure of English // Л.Л. Иофик, Л.П. Чахоян, А.Г. Поспелова. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1981. – С. 48.

[47] Fries Ch. The Structure of English // Л.Л. Иофик, Л.П. Чахоян, А.Г. Поспелова. Хрестоматия по теоретической грамматике английского языка. – Ленинград: Просвещение, 1981. – С. 47.

[48] Gleason H. Linguistics and English grammar // Блох М.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка / М.Я. Блох, Т.Н. Семенова, С.В. Тимофеева. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 88.

[49] Expletives are rude words when you are annoyed, i.e. swear words.

[50] A word class is “a category grouping together words that broadly share the same syntactic characteristics” [Oxford Dictionary 1998: 427].

[51] Жирмунский В.М. О природе частей речи и их классификации // Вопросы теории частей речи на материале языков различных типов. – Л.: Наук, 1968. – С. 7.

[52] Адмони В.Г. Полевая природа частей речи // Вопросы теории частей речи на материале языков разных типов. – Л.: Наука, 1968. – С. 98.

[53] Aitchison J. Words in the mind: an introduction to the mental lexicon. 3^rd. ed. – Blackwell Publishers, 2003. – P. 103-104.

[54] V.M. Zhirmunsky considered neither statives nor modal words independent parts of speech (Жирмунский В.М. О природе частей речи и их классификации // Вопросы теории частей речи на материале языков различных типов. – Л.: Наука, 1968. - С. 12, 14.)

[55] Щерба Л.В. О частях речи в русском языке // Языковая система и речевая деятельность. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. – С. 78.

[56] The examples are taken from [Rayevska 1967: 69-74].

[57] The examples are taken from [Гуревич 2003: 11-12].

[58] Воронцова Г.Н. О лексическом характере глагола в английском языке // ИЯШ. – 1948. - № 1.

[59] Иванова И.П. Вид и время в современном английском языке. – Л.: ЛГУ, 1961. – С. 63.

[60] Joos M. The English Verb, Form and Meaning // Блох М.Я. Практикум по теоретической грамматике английского языка: Учеб. пособие / М.Я. Блох, Т.Н. Семенова, С.В. Тимофеева. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – С. 196-197.

[61] There is no universally accepted term for this mood in English.

[62] The Latin terms used to indicate the participants of the subject-object relations are agens – patiens. They were worked out in the framework of the theory of semantic roles.

[63] In this respect in Russian there is a tradition to use the terms словосочетание (word combination) for a subordinate structure and сочетание слов (a combination of words) for any combination of words. Moreover, V.D. Ivshin suggests the usage of two correlated terms ‘a syntactic combination’ which forms a phrase, and ‘a morphological combination of words', e.g. an analytical form of a word [Ившин 2002: 31].

[64] The examples are taken from [Murphy 1995: 196].

[65] Whorf B.L. Language, Thought, and Reality. – Cambridge, Mass.: MIT, 1956. – P. 252.

[66] Гулыга Е.В. О семантике предложения // Теоретические проблемы синтаксиса современных индоевропейских языков. – Л., 1976. – С. 21; Гулыга Е.В. О взаимодействии смысловой и синтаксической семантики предложения // НДВШ. ФН. – 1976. - № 1. – С. 67.

[67] Halliday M.A.K. Categories of the Theory of Grammar // Word. – 1961. – 17.3. – P. 255.

[68] John Lyons writes, “The meaning of the sentence is determined not only by the meaning of the words of which it is composed, but also by its grammatical structure” [Lyons 1995: 33].

[69] Fillmore Ch. The case for case // Universals in Linguistic theory /ed. by E. Bach, R.T. Harms. – New York: Colt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968. – P. 24-25.

[70] Fillmore Ch. The case for case // Universals in Linguistic theory /ed. by E. Bach, R.T. Harms. – New York: Colt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968. – P. 26.

[71] The examples are also taken from [Kroeger 2006: 55].

[72] In the English grammar tradition the term clause is used to indicate “any syntactic unit whose structure is, or is seen as reduced from, that of a sentence” [Matthews 1997: 55], i.e. which makes up an S-P structure, no matter whether the verb is finite or non-finite.

[73] Halliday M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. - London: Edward Arnold, 1985. – P. 38.

[74] It is worth noting that all the sides of the sentence are relatively independent and may constitute independent objects of study.

[75] There is still another term, proposition, denoting the subject and finite together [The Linguistics Encyclopedia 1999: 143].

[76] This assumption is reflected in Ch. Fillmore’s understanding of the sentence as Modality + Proposition (Fillmore Ch. The case for case // Universals in Linguistic theory /ed. by E. Bach, R.T. Harms. – New York: Colt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968. – P. 24.).

[77] Halliday M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. – London: Edward Arnold, 1985. – P. 75.

[78] Серл Дж. Р. Ввведение // Философия языка /Ред.-сост. Дж. Р. Серл. – М.: Едиториал УРСС, 2004. – С. 9.

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