The Prominent British Scientist

Exercise 3 Read and translate the text.

Exercise 2 Read the international words and translate them.

Vocabulary

Exercise 8 Answer the questions.

1. When and wheremight you be given a lump of coal?

2. What is a guy?

3. When might you reserve something from an unknown person?

4. When is the first holiday in May?

5. What is something put as the surprise in a Christmas pudding?

6. Who stays in bed late a few weeks before Easter?

Тема 2: THE PROMINENT BRITISH SCIENTISTS

Выучить слова!

calculus	дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление
the law of gravitation	закон всемирного тяготения
the reflecting telescope	зеркальный телескоп
binary stars	двойные звёзды
nitrous oxide	закись азота
potassium	калий
fire damp	рудничный газ
the safely lamp	безопасная или рудничная лампа
benzene	бензол
«On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Live»	«Происхождение видов путём естественного отбора или сохранение благоприятствуемых видов в борьбе за жизнь»
radioactive substances	радиоактивные вещества
to discover the method of fluxions	открыть метод дифференциального исчисления
to adopt the method	использовать метод
to investigate (n, v)	исследование, исследовать
to succeed in	преуспевать в, достигать цели
to lead to the invention	привести к открытию
to contribute to…	внести вклад в…
to make observations of	вести наблюдение
to develop from	происходить, развиваться от
to receive the Nobel Prize	получать Нобелевскую премию

Exercise 1 Find the equivalents:

1. mathematical invention	a.происхождение рудничного газа
2.one of the greatest scientists	b. зеркальный телескоп
3.major work	c. эволюция растений и животных
4.the reflecting telescope	d. антисептическая хирургия
5.the nature of fire damp	e. выдающийся биолог
6.the process of electrolysis	f. фундаментальные открытия
7.an outstanding naturalist	g. один из великих ученых
8.the evolution of plants and animals	h. главная работа
9.antiseptic surgery	i. процесс электролиза
10.fundamental discoveries	j. математическое изобретение

Method, gravity, formulation, analysis, experiment, nature, type, telescope, publication, principle, astronomer, lens, planet, lamp, magnetism, generator, atom.

Isaak Newton (1643-1727), one of the greatest scientists of Great Britain, discovered the methods of fluxions, later known as calculus. It was the most important mathematical invention. His second major work was discovery of gravity. Then came the formulation of Newton’s 3 laws of motion, the analysis by experiment of white light and the nature of colours, and research on a new type of telescope, called the reflecting telescope. His main publication was “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”.

William Herschel (1730-1822), an astronomer, became an expert in grinding lenses and built the largest telescope. In 1781 Herschel discovered the planet Uranus. His other discoveries include binary stars, two new satellites of Saturn, and infra-red from Sun.

Humphry Davy (1770-1829), a chemist and physicist, prepared and tested nitrous oxide (laughing gas). In 1807 he succeeded in preparing potassium and sodium by the process of electrolysis. He also investigated the nature of firedamp, the explosions of which had caused much damage in mines. This investigation led to the invention of the safety lamp (known as Davy lamp).

Michael Faraday (1791-1867), a physicist and chemist, contributed greatly to the development of science. In 1825 he discovered benzene. However, his name is usually linked with electricity and electrochemistry. He discovered connection between electricity and magnetism and showed that electromagnetic induction was possible. He used induction to produce the first electrical generator and the first transformer. He was also the discoverer of the law that controls the process of electrolysis.

Charles Darwin (1809-0892), an outstanding naturalist, spent 5 years on the «Beagle» during the voyage, in the Southern Hemisphere (1831-1836). He published his great work «On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the struggle for life». One of the most important results of Darwin’s work was the demonstration that the evolution of plants and animals gives no evidence of giving guidance. Evolution is the theory that all living things (plants and animals) have developed from earlier and different forms, and have not been specially created.

Joseph Lister (1827-1912) was the founder of antiseptic surgery (the use of chemicals to prevent surgical complications). He introduced carbolic to dress wounds. Gradually other surgeons began to adopt his methods.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937), the greatest pioneer of nuclear physics, made fundamental discoveries concerning the nature of radioactivity. He distinguished the two types of radiation, which he named alpha and beta rays. In 1919 Rutherford was the first to split the atom by natural means. He deduced the existence of a heavy, positively charged nucleus in the atom. Rutherford received the Nobel Prize for his investigation into the decay of the elements and the chemistry of radio-active substances.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) studied the problems of electromagnetism, molecular physics, optics, mechanics and others. His most outstanding inventions are in the field of the kinetic theory of gases and electricity. Maxwell’s works on the kinetic theory of gases, the theory of heat, dynamics and the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism are brilliant; «Matter and Motion», «Atoms», «Attraction», «Faraday» and others.

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