Глаголы to be и to have

ECONOMY

economy	- хозяйство, экономика
to include	- включать (что-л. в состав чего-л.), содержать
industry	- отрасль; промышленность
industrial	- отраслевой; промышленный
good	- товар, изделие
such as	- такой как
as	- так как; как; в качестве; по мере того как
agriculture	- сельское хозяйство
agricultural	- сельскохозяйственный
farming	- сельское хозяйство; занятие сельским хозяйством; зем
	леделие
crop farming	- растениеводство
'animal farming	- животноводство
mining	- горная промышленность
to belong (to)	- принадлежать (кому-л.), относиться к (чему-л.)
resource(s)	- ресурсы), средства
processing	- обработка, переработка
to process	- обрабатывать, перерабатывать
manufacturing	- (промышленное) производство
to manufacture	- производить
to produce	- производить, вырабатывать
by means of	- посредством
to provide	- обеспечивать (кого-л./что-л. чём-л.)
service	- услуга, обслуживание
plant	- завод, фабрика
fuel	- топливо, горючее
consumer	- потребитель
trade	- торговля
to use	- использовать, применять
growth	- рост, развитие
to grow (grew[gru:], grown(graunj)	- расти, выращивать

[ і 'к о п э m і ] [in'klu:d] findAstri] [in'dAstrial]

[SAtj <Ez]

['aegrikAitja] ['agri'kAlthral][ 'fa: mіп ]

[krop]

['» n і m э I ]

[ m а і n і п ]

[bi'lon]

[ r і 's o: s (i z) ]

['prausesinj

['praOsesJ

[.msnju'ffflktisrir]]

i.maenju'faktja]

[pra'djuis]

[bai 'minz av]

[ p г э 'v а і d ]

[ 's з: v і s ]

[pla:nt]

['fjUal]

[kan'sjuima]

[treid]

[ju:zj

[graU9]

[grao]

Найдите в словаре и напишите в тетрадях транскрипцию к словам текстов №1 и №2, данным в ра­мочках. Научитесь читать тексты и дайте их письменный перевод.

TEXT 1 SECTORS OF ECONOMY

1. primary	- первичный
2. secondary	- вторичный
3. tertiary	- третичный
4. branch	- отрасль
5. partially	- частично
6. forestry	-лесоводство
7. fishing	- рыболовство
8. beekeeping	- пчеловодство
9. for example	- например
10. insurance	- страховое дело
11. driver	- водитель
12. lawyer	- юрист
13. etc.	-и т.д.
14. rich	- богатый I

There are three main sectors in any economy: the primary sector, the secondary sector, and the tertiary sector.

The primary sector of economy includes industries that get goods from nature, such as agriculture and mining. There are two main branches in agriculture: crop and animal farming. Mining partially belongs to the secondary sector as mineral resources need industrial processing. Forestry, fishing, and beekeeping also be­long to this sector.

Manufacturing industries which produce goods by means of mechanical, electri­cal or chemical, but not manual, processing of resources belong to the secondary sector. People who do not produce goods but provide different services for plants and factories work for the secondary sector, for example plant and factory manag­ers. The sector also includes companies that provide fuel, energy, and transport for manufacturing.

The tertiary sector provides different services to consumers, such as trade, transport, banking, insurance and other public services. Teachers, doctors, tourist

agents, drivers, lawyers, etc. work in the tertiary sector.

There are countries which are rich in land. They can use land intensively and produce agricultural products and

1. economics	- экономическая наука, экономика
2. economist	- экономист
3. economic	- экономический
4. difficult	- трудный
5. possible	- возможный
6. to be interested	- интересоваться (чём-л.)
7. to affect	- влиять, воздействовать (на что-л.)
8. price	-цена
9. necessary	- необходимый, нужный
10. to sell (sold, sold)	- продавать
11. seller	- продавец

12. to buy (bought, bought)- покупать, закупать

13. buyer	- покупатель
14. behaviour	- поведение
15. market	- рынок
16. market mechanism	- рыночный механизм

minerals. Manufacturing plays an important role in

the world economy, but there is a tendency for the

growth of the service sector in many economies,

especially in industrialized countries.

TEXT 2 WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

It is difficult to give a full and accurate defini­tion of economics, but it is possible to indicate what problems economists are interested in. They are factors that affect prices of goods and services and also resources necessary to produce them. Economists are also interested in sellers' and buy­ers' behaviour in the market, in the relationship be­tween "price system" and "market mechanism".

17. market of services	- рынок услуг
18. relationship	- отношение, взаимоотношение
19. approach	-подход - разрабатывать, развивать

20. to develop  

21. development	- разработка, развитие
22. area	- область, район, территория
23. labour	- труд, рабочая сила
24. like	- подобно, как
25. to predict	- предсказывать, прогнозировать
26. prediction	- предсказание, прогноз
27. to follow	- следовать (за кви-лМи-л.)
28. rule	- правило
29.80	- поэтому, так что, следовательно
30. essential	- обязательный, необходимый,
31. particular	- конкретный, частный

32. to choose (chose, chosen) - выбирать

33. although	-хотя
34. actual	- фактический
35. to make a decision	- принимать решение
36. enough	-достаточно
37. data	- данные
38. datum	- данная величина

Now economics is more complex. There are three main approaches to economics: microeco­nomics, macroeconomics, and development eco­nomics. There are also several specialized areas of study. Among them are money economics, in­ternational economics, labour economics, indus­trial economics, agricultural economics, growth economics, mathematical economics, etc.

Like many other sciences, economics uses models to understand economic problems. A model often helps an economist to make correct predictions. The economist usually follows several rules when he makes a model of economic be­haviour.

First, real life is complex and it is not possible for an economist to include all the details in a model. So. a model is an abstraction from real life. A model usually includes only essential elements and relationships of a particular economic situa­tion.

Second, if an economist has two different models of one phenomenon, he always chooses the model that predicts the results of a particular phenomenon more accurately.

Third, although models are helpful in economic analysis, an economist always studies the actual economic situation before he makes decisions.

It is not enough to make models, it is also necessary to collect and study actual data in order to know how ac­curate a model is.

СПРЯЖЕНИЕ ГЛАГОЛА TO BE

УТВЕРДИ­ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛО­ЖЕНИЯ	Present	Past
	am 'm	1 He /She /It	was
You We They	are 're
He/She/It	is 's	You We They	were
ОТРИЦА­ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛО­ЖЕНИЯ		am not 'mnot	1 He/She/It	wasn't
You We They	aren't 're not
He/She/It	isn't 'snot	You We They	weren't
ВОПРОСИ­ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛО­ЖЕНИЯ	Am	1?	Was	1? he? she? it?
Are	you? we? they?
Is	he? she? it?	Were	you? we? they?
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ	Yes No		am ('m not)	1 he / she / it	was (n't)
you we they	are (n't)
you we they	were (n't)
he/she /it	is (n't)

Present	Past
You We They	have	had
He/She/It	has	had
You We They	have not (haven't)	had not hadn't
He/She/It	has not (hasn't)	had not hadn't
Have	1? you? we? they?	Had	i? you? we? they?
Has	he? she? it?	he? she? it?
Yes, he has. No, 1 haven't.	Yes, he had. No, 1 hadn't.

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