Оборудования нефтегазопереработки

Germany is in Western and Central Europe, with Denmark bordering to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, Switzerland to the south-southwest, France, Luxembourg and Belgium lie to the west, and the Netherlands to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N and longitudes 5° and 16° E. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh-water Lake Constance, the third largest lake in Central Europe. German territory covers 357,021 km² (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km² (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km² (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 62nd largest in the world.^[90]

Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Germany's alpine glaciers are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land and water.

Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate dominated by humid westerly winds. The country is situated in between the oceanic Western European and the continental Eastern European climate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, the northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea; consequently in the northwest and the north the climate is oceanic. Germany gets an average of 789 mm (31 in) of precipitation per year; there is no consistent dry season. Winters are cool and summers tend to be warm: temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).^[91]

The east has a more continental climate: winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates that predominate over most of the country, the Alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, with lower temperatures and more precipitation.^[91]

Rhine valley in summer at Lorelei, Usedom coastal area in autumn, Lüneburg Heath landscape in spring, Zugspitze summit in winter

Since its foundation in 1871, Germany has been about two-thirds Protestant^[f] and one-third Roman Catholic, with a notable Jewish minority. Other faiths existed in the state, but never achieved a demographic significance and cultural impact of these three confessions. Germany almost lost its Jewish minority during the Holocaust and the country's religious makeup changed gradually in the decades following 1945, with West Germany becoming more religiously diversified through immigration and East Germany becoming overwhelmingly irreligious through state policies. It continues to diversify after the German reunification in 1990.^[209]

According to the 2011 German Census, Christianity is the largest religion in Germany, claiming 66.8% of the total population.^[210] Relative to the whole population, 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) (30.8%) and the free churches (German: Evangelische Freikirchen) (0.9%), and 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics.^[211] Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%, while Jews–0.1%. Other religions accounted for 2.7%. In 2014, the Catholic Church accounted for 23.9 million members (29.5% of the population)^[212] and the Evangelical Church for 22.6 million (27.9% of the population).^[213] Both large churches have lost significant number of adherents in recent years.

Geographically, Protestantism is concentrated in the northern, central and eastern parts of the country. These are mostly members of the EKD, which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions dating back to the Prussian Union of 1817. Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west.

In 2011, 33% of Germans were not members of officially recognised religious associations with special status.^[211]^[g] Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany and major metropolitan areas.^[215]^[216]^[217]

Islam is the second largest religion in the country. In the 2011 census, 1.9% of Germans declared themselves to be Muslims.^[211] More recent estimation suppose, there are between 2.1 and 4 million Muslims living in Germany.^[218] Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations.^[219]

Other religions comprising less than one per cent of Germany's population^[211] are Buddhism with 250,000 adherents (roughly 0.3%) and Hinduism with some 100,000 adherents (0.1%). All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents each.^[220]

German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.^[221] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union,^[222] and one of the three working languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.^[223]

Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages, and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.^[221]

Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Frisian and English languages. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the East Germanic (extinct) and North Germanic languages. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.^[224] Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet. German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.^[225]

The Heidelberg University, established in 1386, is a German university of excellence.

Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual federal states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.^[226] Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the Gymnasium enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the Realschule for intermediate students lasts six years and the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education.^[227] The Gesamtschule unifies all secondary education.

A system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.^[226] This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.^[228]

Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.^[229] The general requirement for university is the Abitur. However, there are a number of exceptions, depending on the state, the college and the subject. Tuition free academic education is open to international students and is increasingly common.^[230] According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.^[231]

Germany has a long tradition of higher education reflecting the global status as a modern economy. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest.^[232] It is followed by the Leipzig University (1409), the Rostock University (1419) and the Greifswald University (1456).^[233] The University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many European and Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence: Humboldt University Berlin, the University of Bremen, the University of Cologne, TU Dresden, the University of Tübingen, RWTH Aachen, FU Berlin, Heidelberg University, the University of Konstanz, LMU Munich, and the Technical University of Munich.^[234]

The Hospice of the Holy Spirit in Lübeck, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.^[235]

Germany's system of hospices, called spitals, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s,^[236] Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. Currently the population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013^[update].^[237] In 2005, Germany spent 11% of its GDP on health care. Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births).^[237]

In 2010^[update], the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%.^[238] In 2008^[update], about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).^[239] According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.^[239] Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2007 study shows Germany has the highest number of overweight people in Europe.^[240]^[241]

Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ("the land of poets and thinkers"),^[242] because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought.^[243]

Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices.^[244]^[245] As of 2016^[update] UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.^[246] There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).^[247]

In the 21st century Berlin has emerged as a major international creative centre.^[248] According to the Anholt–GfK Nation Brands Index, in 2014 Germany was the world's most respected nation among 50 countries (ahead of US, UK, and France).^[249]^[250]^[251] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.^[252]^[253]

German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude composed oratorios for organ, which influenced the later work of Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel; these men were influential composers of the Baroque period. During his tenure as violinist and teacher at the Salzburg cathedral, Augsburg-born composer Leopold Mozart mentored one of the most noted musicians of all time: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber and Felix Mendelssohn were important in the early Romantic period. Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms composed in the Romantic idiom. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hans Zimmer are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.^[254]

Germany is the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world.^[255] German popular music of the 20th and 21st century includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie and schlager pop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.^[256] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Paul Kalkbrenner, and Scooter).^[257]

German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism.^[258] Such German sculptors as Otto Schmidt-Hofer, Franz Iffland, and Julius Schmidt-Felling made important contributions to German art history in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.^[259]^[260]

Several German art groups formed in the 20th century, such as the November Group or Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), by the Russian-born Wassily Kandinsky, influenced the development of Expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose as a counter-style to it during the Weimar Republic. Post-World War II art trends in Germany can broadly be divided into Neo-expressionism, performance art and Conceptualism. Especially notable neo-expressionists include Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, A. R. Penck, Markus Lüpertz, Peter Robert Keil and Rainer Fetting. Other notable artists who work with traditional media or figurative imagery include Martin Kippenberger, Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, and Neo Rauch. Leading German conceptual artists include or included Bernd and Hilla Becher, Hanne Darboven, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Hans Haacke, Joseph Beuys, HA Schult, Aris Kalaizis, Neo Rauch (New Leipzig School) and Andreas Gursky (photography). Major art exhibitions and festivals in Germany are the

German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular and available, thanks to diverse ethnic communities.

Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 different types of pastries and rolls (Brötchen). German cheeses account for about a third of all cheese produced in Europe.^[288] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts, Weisswursts, and Currywursts.^[289] In 2012, organic foods accounted for 3.9% of total food sales.^[290]

Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, especially in German wine regions,^[291] the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world.^[292] German beer purity regulations date back to the 15th century.^[293]

The 2015 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, the highest designation, while 38 more received two stars and 233 one star.^[294] German restaurants have become the world's second-most decorated after France.^[295]^[296]

The German national football team after winning the FIFA World Cup for the fourth time in 2014. Football is the most popular sport in Germany.

Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually.^[297] Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.^[297] The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, and the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Championship in 1988.

Other popular spectator sports include winter sports, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, ice hockey, tennis, horse riding and golf. Water sports like sailing, rowing, and swimming are popular in Germany as well.^[297]

Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 17 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2015^[update]). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won more Formula One World Drivers' Championships with seven titles, than any other. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history.^[298] Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.^[299] Also Nico Rosberg won the Formula One World Championship.

Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936 the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen,^[300] and in Munich it hosted the Summer Games of 1972.^[301]

«Месяца общественности Свердловского района»

Дата, Время, Место проведения	Мероприятие
13 декабря, 11:00-13:00 ОЦ «Юбилейный» Ул. Холмогорская, 6	Круглый стол по обсуждению проблем информирования населения и СО НКО о возможностях ОЦ Организатор – администрация Свердловского района г.Перми
14 декабря в 11:00-13:00 ОЦ «Владимирский» Ул. Косьвинская, 11	Круглый стол по исполнению резолюции Форума общественности Свердловского района 2015 года (тема – «Перспективные формы взаимодействия ТОС с органами местного самоуправления») Организатор – администрация Свердловского района г.Перми
14 декабря в 17:00-19:00 Администрация Свердловского района Ул. Сибирская, 58, каб. 303	Второе собрание председателей ТОС частного сектора города Перми Организатор – председатель ТОС «Ново Бродовский», Гисматулин Ринат Фаритович
15 декабря в 17:00-19:00 ул. Куйбышева, 149	Первое заседание Общественного Совета микрорайонов Крохалева, Липовая гора, Октябрьский, Соболи (Участники: ТОС, депутаты, администрация района) Организатор – председатель ТОС «Авангард», Кудинова Светлана Александровна
16 декабря в 14:00-16:00 ОЦ «Центральный» Ул. Соловьева, 1	Круглый стол по итогам и перспективам реализации муниципальной программы «Укрепление межнационального и межконфессионального согласия в городе Перми» в Свердловском районе г.Перми Организатор – председатель ТОС «Сибирский», Юдина Наталия Геннадьевна
20 декабря в 11:00-13:00 Администрация Свердловского района Ул. Сибирская, 58, каб. 303	Совещание по обсуждению наказов ТОС: итоги за 2016 год Организатор – администрация Свердловского района г.Перми
20 декабря в 14:00-16:00 Администрация Свердловского района Ул. Сибирская, 58, 301, актовый зал	Презентация книги «Память сердца» – воспоминания детей воинов, погибших в ВОВ. Организатор – первичное отделение Пермской региональной общественной организации «Память сердца. Дети-сироты Великой Отечественной войны» в Свердловском районе
20 декабря в 15:30-17:30 ДК им. М.И. Калинина Ул. Куйбышева, 140	Благотворительный концерт Свердловской районной организации Пермской краевой организации общероссийской общественной организации «Всероссийское общество инвалидов» Организатор – Свердловская районная организация Пермской краевой организации общероссийской общественной организации «Всероссийское общество инвалидов»
21 декабря в 11:00-13:00 ОЦ «Громова» Ул. Механошина, 6	Круглый стол по исполнению резолюции Форума общественности Свердловского района 2015 года (тема – «Гражданское и военно-патриотическое воспитание молодежи») Организатор – администрация Свердловского района г.Перми
23 декабря в 11:00-13:00 Администрация Свердловского района Ул. Сибирская, 58, 301, актовый зал	Форум общественности Свердловского района г.Перми Организатор – администрация Свердловского района г.Перми

Лекция 1. Обеспечение безопасности эксплуатации оборудования нефтегазопереработки. Основные нормативные документы по промышленной безопасности опасных производственных объектов.