Расписание экзаменационной сессии. The Past Indefinite Tense

The Usage

The Usage.

The Formation

The Past Indefinite Tense

The Usage

The Formation

The Present Continuous Tense

The Present Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by
means of the auxiliary verb lo be in the Present Indefinite and the -ing
form of the notional verb.

e.g. I am working. He is working.

Are you working?
I'm not working.

Ø The Present Continuous Tense serves to express an action going on at the present moment (the moment of speaking). That means that the action began before the moment of speaking, is now in progress and will continue for some time. The indication of time is not necessary in this case though occasionally adverbial modifiers as now and at present are found.

e.g. Do you know where Philip is? 1 expect he is talking to Mother.

Ø The Present Continuous is also used to express an action going on at the present period. In this case the precise time limits of the action are not known either.

e.g. What are you doing in Geneva?
I'm writing a play.

Ø The Present Continuous is sometimes used to express actions
generally characterizing the person denoted by the subject. Often such
adverbial modifiers as always, constantly -are found in these sentences.

e.g. You are constantly complaining that you have much to do.

Ø The Present Continuous is used to express actions which will take place in the near future (due to one's previous decision).

e.g. He is having a meeting with the men this afternoon.

The Past Indefinite is a synthetic form (e.g. I worked He sang.) With regular verbs it is formed by adding the suffix -ed. It is pronounced [d] after vowels and voiced consonants (played), [t] after voiceless consonants (looked), and [id] after verbs ending in -(or -d (landed, wasted).

The interrogative and negative forms are built up analytically by means of the auxiliary verb to do in the Past Indefinite plus the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle.
e.g. Did he work? - He didn't work.
The emphatic form: 1 did insist on it.

Ø It serves to express a single action completed in the past. The time
of action is often given. We can also meet here adverbial modifiers of
time: that morning, yesterday that day.

e.g. Thing came to a crisis on July.
I had a letter from Willy yesterday.

Ø It serves to express an action which occupied a whole period of time
now over. That means that the action after taking place for some time
came to an end in the past.

e.g. Last month I spent two week in London.
We stayed in the garden for a long time.

Ø It serves to express a succession of actions in the past.
e.g. He left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the theater.

Ø It serves to express usual, repeated actions in the past.
e.g. Last winter I spent a lot of time in the library.

Last winter 1 often went to the theater.

NOTE. In this case we often use the expression used to instead of the simple Past Indefinite.
e.g. Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library.
He used to be very strong in his youth.

The Past Continuous Tense

The Formation

The Past Continuous' Tense is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Indefinite and the –ing form of the notional verb.
e.g. I was working. They were working.

The same auxiliary is used in the interrogative and negative forms.

The Usage

Ø It serves to express an action which was going on at a given moment
in the past. The most typical feature of this use of the Past Continuous is that
the precise time limits of the action are not known, its beginning and its
end are not specified. It is sometimes indicated with the help of another
action which is usually a point action expressed in the Past Indefinite.

e.g. Little Mary came in. She was eating an ice-cream.

NOTE. The Past Indefinite is preferred to the Past Continuous with certain durative verbs. When attention is focused on the circumstances under which the attention is performed. However, the Past Continuous is occasionally found too. Durative verbs: to sit, to stand, to lie. to hang, to shine, to talk, to speak, toьnear, to carry, to walk, etc. In such cases the action as such is only named, and it is often the circumstances under which it takes place that are really important.
e.g. Her face was heavy, she spoke with deep emotion.

He walked between us listening attentively to our conversation.

Ø The Past Continuous is used to express an action going on during a
given period of time in the past. In this case the precise limits of the action
are not known either. The time is generally understood from the context
but it may be also indicated in the sentence in various ways.

e.g. Andrew had no idea whether he was doing well or badly in his exam.

Ø The Past Continuous may be used to express actions generally
characterizing the person denoted by the subject, bringing out the person's
typical traits. Very often such adverbial modifiers as always and
constantly are found.

e.g. He was always experimenting.

Ø The Past Continuous is used to indicate a future action viewed from
the past. It is an action which was supposed to take place in the near
future due to one's previous decision.

e.g. Why didn't you tell me you were starting?!

The Future Indefinite Tense

The Formation

The Future Indefinite is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verbs shall (for the 1st person singular and plural) and will (for the second and third persons singular and plural) and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to.
e.g. I shall see him tomorrow. - He will see them tomorrow.

The Usage

Ø It is used to express a single point action that will be completed in the future.

e.g. It will ruin her.

I know I'm right and one of these days you'll realize it.

Ø An action occupying a whole period of time in the future.
e.g. I think I shall remain in love with you all my life.

1 hope you'll live for many years.

Ø A succession of actions in the future.

e.g. 1 shall wait in the next room and come back when she's gone.

Ø Recurrent actions in the future.

e.g. I shall come along as often as possible.

Such adverbial modifiers are used indicate the Future Indefinite Tense: later, soon, this evening, tomorrow, next week, in a moment, in a few hours.

The Future Continuous Tense

The Formation

The Future Continuous is an analytical form, which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Future Indefinite and the –ing form of the notional verb.
e.g. 1 shall be seeing him often now.

He will be seeing them often now.

Ø It serves to express an action, which begins before a definite future moment is in progress at that moment and continues for some time after it.

e.g. We'll just be beginning the experiment.

God knows what 1 shall be saying in a minute.

Ø It serves to express an action which the speaker expects to take place
in the future in the normal.

e.g. I feel I shall be asking you the same question tomorrow.

THE PERFECT TENSES

The Present Perfect.

The Present Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by means of the
auxiliary verb to have in the Present Indefinite and the Participle of the notional
verb.

e.g. I have worked.
He has worked.

In spoken English the contracted forms: I've, he's, she's, it's, we've, you've,
they've are used in the affirmative sentences and haven't and hasn't in negative
sentences.

The Usage.

Ø The Present Perfect falls within the time sphere of the present and is not used
in narration where reference is made to past events. It follows from that, that the
Present Perfect is used in present time contexts, i.e. conversations, newspaper
and radio reports, lectures and letters. It is used to express an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. The action took place in the past but its consequences are felt at present.

e.g. I have lost my pen.

Ø The Present Perfect is used to name a new action, whereas the Past Indefinite is used to refer back to a definite action and the attention in this case is often drawn rather to the circumstances attending the action than to the action itself.

e.g. «Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
Where have you been?»
«l' ve been to London
To look at the Queen.»
«Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,

What did you see there?»
«1 saw a little mouse
Under the chair.»

Ø It is possible to use the Present Perfect when there is an adverbial modifier of time in the sentence that denotes a period of time which is not over vet, e.g. today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, etc.

e.g. This year we have taken only one assistant.

NB: It should be noted that sometimes an adverbial modifier of place point! to past period of time.

e.g. Did you see him at the theatre? (-when you were at the theatre).

The Present Perfect may be found with certain adverbs of indefinite time and frequency such as: just (только что), not yet, already, before, always, ever, never, often, seldom, recently, lately, of late.

e.g. Have y ou heard of him lately?

He has never made a sixpence by any of his books.

But, any other tense-aspect form may be used with these adverbs, if it is required by the sense.

e.g. He noticed that the leaves of the chestnut were already beginning to turn yellow and brown.

The Present Perfect is not used in questions introduced by when.
e.g. When did you actually arrive?

NB: The question «Where have you Ьееп?» can be asked as soon as the person comes back or
is located.

e.g. «I'm sorry, im late».<Where have you Ьееп?»
In all other cases: «Where were you?»

Ø The Present Perfect is used to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it. Either the whole period of the duration of the action is marked or its starting point (e.g. for an hour, for so long, these three years, so long, etc.) As a rule we use in this case the Present Perfect Continuous, but sometimes the Present Perfect is used:

1)with stative verbs:

e.g. I 've loved her since she was a child.»

2) in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is completely negated:

e.g. «She hasn't written to me for а уеаг»,- said Roy.

Sometimes, the starting point of an action is indicated by the adverb since, a prepositional phrase with since or a clause introduced by the conjunction since,

e.g. The sun has been in the room, since the morning.
I have lived here since I was a child.
I have met many people since he came here.

The Present Perfect is used in the adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions when, before, after, as soon as, till and until, where it is used to express a future action.

e.g. As soon as we have had some tea, Ann, we shall go to inspect your house.

We always use the Present Perfect with such adverbs as lately, just:
e.g. I haven't received any letters from him lately.
1 have just seen him.

The Present Perfect Continuous.

The Present Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Present Perfect and the -ing form of the notional verb.

e.g. I have been working.

The Usage.

The Present Perfect Continuous falls within the time sphere of the present.
Hence it is not used in narration where reference is made to the past events. It is
found in present-time contexts, in conversations, newspaper and radio reports,
lectures and letters.

Ø The Present Perfect Continuous serves to express actions in progress which begin at a certain moment in the past and continue into the present. In this case either the starting point of the action or the period of time during which it has been in progress is usually specified.

e.g. I 've been writing since morning and so I'll soon stop.

NOTE:

Compare:

He paints pictures every day (The Present Indefinite- a usual action)

He is painting a picture now. (The Present Continuous-no action at a definite moment of time).

He has been painting the picture for two hours. (The Present Perfect Continuous- for 2 hours already).

You are not to confuse the Present Perfect Continuous which is used then the
previous duration of the action is expressed and the Present Continuous going, on at the present moment, no previous duration is expressed,
e.g. «What are you doing?»

«I' m learning the poem.»

«How long have you been learning?»

«I’ ve been learning it for half an hour.»

Ø The Present Perfect Continuous serves to express actions in progress which begin in the past and continue up till the moment of speaking or till just before it or over by the moment of speaking.

e.g. «Oh, here you are at last! I've been waiting for you all day!»
It has been snowing since morning, but now it has stopped.

Ø The Present Perfect Continuous serves to express Future actions in progress before a certain moment in the future (in the subordinate adverbial clauses of time and condition).

e.g. He will get accustomed to the surroundings after he has been staying here
for a week or two.

NB: Though, the use of statal verhs in the Present Perfect Continuous is not characteristic of statal verbs, some of them do occur in this form,
e.g.I 've been having a wonderful time with you

1 have been wanting to see you again, ever since we parted. So it's you.

NB: We use the Present Perfect Continuous in the questions beginning with: how long and since

NOTE: Notice the following sentence patterns:

a) He has been reading since he came.

b)He has been reading since he has been working in the library.

In the first pattern the action in the subordinate clause introduced by since is expressed by the Past Indefinite and serves to indicate only the starting point of the action in the principal clause.

In the second pattern the action of the subordinate clause is parallel to that of the principal clause as they both began at the same time in the past and continue at
he moment of speaking. In this case the Present Perfect Continuous is used in both clauses.

The Past Perfect

The Past Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by means of
auxiliary verb to have in the Past Indefinite and the participle of the notional verb

e.g. I had worked.
He had worked.

The Usage.

The Past Perfect falls within the time sphere of the past and is mainly found in
narration. However, as will be seen, it may be used in some of its meanings in present time contexts as well.

The Past Perfect serves to express:

Ø Actions accomplished before a given past moment and viewed back from the past moment. It may be a single point action, an action of some duration or recurrent action.

e.g. It was long afterwards that I found out what had happened.
He knew where Ann lived, but he had never been there.

Ø Actions which began before a given past moment and continue into it or up to it. This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Past Perfect Continuous.

The Past Perfect is used with the group of words which are not used in the Continuous.

e.g. He suddenly understood, that she had loved him all her life.

The Past Perfect is preferred to the Past Continuous in negative sentences, when the action itself is completely negated.

e.g. He mentioned that he had not played cards for three years.

NB: The Past Perfect is associated with certain time indications / either a whole period of the

duration of the action is indicated or its starting point /.

e.g. He was not aware how long he had sat there.

The Past Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions: when, before, after, as soon as, till / until I, to express a future action viewed from the past. It shows that the action of the subordinate clause will be completed before the action of the principal clause which is usually expressed by the Future-in-the-Past.

e.g. You would have to talk to her before she had made up her mind.

NB: In the sentence pattern which is a complex sentence with a subordinate clause of time introduced by the correlatives: scarcely....when, hardly....when, nearly..when, no sooner...than, the action of the subordinate clause takes place when the action of the principal clause is hardly accomplished yet.The Past Perfect is found in the principal clause and the Past Indefinite in the subordinate clause. Such sentences are emphatic in meaning and so the correlatives: scarcely, hardly and no sooner may be placed at the head of the sentence with an inverted word order following,

e.g. He had scarcely entered the room when in a chair by the door he
perceived Ann.

Hardly had he sat down when a very stout gentleman wearing a very
small hat flopped into the chair opposite hers.

The Past Perfect is used to express an action which was completed before
another action in the past.

e.g. I saw at once that the students had improved their pronunciation.

The Past Perfect Continuous.

The Past Perfect Continuous is an analytical form which is built up by means of the auxiliary verb to be in the Past Perfect and the -ing form of the notional verb.

e.g. I had been working.

The Usage.

It serves to express:

Ø an action which began before a given past moment and continued into it or up to
it It may be used with the same indication of time as it has already been leamt

e.g. She suddenly realized that it was now completely dark and that she had
been walking for a long while.

Ø an action which was in progress just before a given past moment and its effects
tell on the past situation in some way The precise time limits of the action are not
specified.

eg. Adeline, who had been helping her mother, not joined them.
Winifred rose from the chair, in which he had been sitting.

NB: In negative sentences the Past Perfect Continuous is not common, the Past Perfect is preferred in them when the negation refers to the action itself but not to its circumstances.

The tense is not much used.

The Future Perfect

The Future Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by means of the
auxiliary verb to have in the Future Indefinite and the participle of the notional
verb.

e.g. 1 shall have read the book by that time.
He will have read the book by that time.

The Usage.

Ø The Future Perfect is used to express an action accomplished before a given future moment which is usually expressed by an adverbial modifier.

e.g. I suppose we shall have made up our minds whom we are going to elect
before the meeting.

The Future Perfect is greatly restricted it its use owing in the fact that it is seldom
required of the Future Perfect.

NB: In the adverbial clauses of time and condition the Present Perfect is used instead of the
Future Indefinite.

e.g. We shall send them the documents after we have shipped the goods

Ø It is also used to express a supposed action in the past.

e.g. You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of this agreement

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is built up by means the auxiliary verb to be in the Future Perfect and the Present Participle of the notional verb

e.g. I shall have been working.

The Usage.

It serves to express a future action, expresses a process lasting during some
period of time before a definite moment in the future and continuing into the future
The indication of time must be given. The Future Perfect Continuous is not much used.

e.g. I shall begin to work at 10 o'clock in the morning. When you return
home at 5 o'clock I shall have been working for seven hours.
By the first of June 1994, he will have been working at the factory for
twenty years.

The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense.

It is built up just as the Future Perfect Continuous but instead shall and will we use should and would.

e.g. I should have been working.

The Usage.

It is used instead of the Future Perfect Continuous in the subordinate clauses, when the verb in the principal clause is used in the past. It is used very seldom.

e.g: He said that by the first of June he would have been working at that
plant for 20 years.

The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses.

In certain types of the subordinate clauses the tenses are used relatively, that is
the tense form does not refer the action to the present, the past or the future but
only shows whether the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with the
action of the principal clause, precedes it or follows it.

The choice of the tense form in the subordinate clause depends on the tense
form used in the principal clause. This structurally dependent use of tenses in
certain types of clauses is known as the rules of the sequence offenses.

The relative use of tenses is mainly observed in the subordinate object clauses.

After one of the Past tense-aspect forms in the principal clause (including the
future in the past) we find Past-tense aspect forms in the subordinate clause.

· The action of the object clause may be simultaneous with that of the principal
clause. In this case the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous is used in the
object clause, no matter which Past tense-aspect form is found in the principal clause (the Past Indefinite, the Past Continuous, the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous).

e.g. Nobody knew what he meant.
I thought you were joking..
He had not realized how nervous she was.

· The action of the clause may precede that of the principal clause. In this case
the Past Perfect or the Past Perfect Continuous is used in the object clause no
matter which Past-tense aspect form is found in the principal clause.

e.g. The people she met seemed to know where she had been, what she had been doing.

He was finally telling them what he had been concealing.

· The action of the object clause may follow that of the principal clause. In this
case the Future-in-the-Past or one of the other means of expressing future
actions viewed from the past is used in the object clause no matter which Past-
tense aspect form is found in the principal clause.

e.g. I had feared that my companion would talk too much,but it was soon plain that there was no such danger. I explained that I was going up to London. She knew that George would be waiting for her.

NB: The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed if in the subordinate clause we express a well-known fact or a kind of general truth.

e.g. Galileo proved that the Earth moves round the sun.
But it is also possible to use the Past Indefinite:...the Earth moved round the sun.
You made me understand what love really is.

NB: The rules of the sequence of tenses cannot be observed with certain modal verbs which have only one form. They are must (в значенні вірогідності здійснення дії), should, ought and need.

e.g. He said he was sure that there must be some mistake. I didn't think you need worry.

I knew that from now on he should do no more work.

NB: the preceding action can be expressed by the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous if

we have the definite indication of time such as: in 1925, 2 years ago, yesterday.

e.g. She said that he left Moscow two years ago.

But with such indications of time as: the day before, three days before, two days
before we use the Past Perfect.

e.g. Він сказав, що був в театрі напередодні. Не said that he had gone to
the theatre the day before.

Indirect Speech.

NOTE 1: Remember the following verbs which can introduce indirect orders,
requests, advice, warnings: to tell, to command, to ask, to beg, to
advise, to warn, to request, etc. The most common reporting verbs in
spoken English are to tell for orders and to ask for requests.

NOTE 2: Remember that in indirect orders and requests the order verbs to ask, to
tell, to command are always followed by an indirect object.

NOTE 3: If the time and place in which the original words were spoken is
different from the time and place in which they are reported, the demonstrative
pronouns and the adverbs of time and place are changed as follows:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

this that

these those

here there

now then

today that day

yesterday the day before

last night the previous night

ago before

tomorrow the next day

this year that year

NOTE 4: When the utterance consists of several sentences all them referring to
past actions, only the verb of the first sentence is used in the Past Perfect Tense
in indirect speech.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Mary: We were in the Caucasus three Mary said ( that) they had been in the

years ago. It was raining all the time. Caucasus three years before. It was

raining all the time.

NOTE 5: Word order in indirect questions is not inverted. In questions to the
predicative the direct order of words is not always strictly observed. In a set phrases such as:

What is the time?

What is the matter?

What is the news?
the word order is not changed in indirect speech.

Indirect questions are introduced by the verb ask and the more official
verb inquire. The person to whom the question is addressed is not necessarily
indicated in modern English.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
John: Why are you late, Mary? John: What book are you reading, Peter?	John asked Mary why she was late. John inquired what book Peter was reading.
John said: «Who is the boy?»	John asked who the boy was. John asked who was the boy.

NOTE 6: Indirect general questions are introduced by the conjunctions if or whether. The order of words in indirect general questions is not inverted.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Tom: Are you busy today, Mary? Peter: Are foreign magazines sold in your country?	Tom asked Mary if she was busy that night. Peter inquired whether foreign magazines were sold in this country.

NOTE 7: The following formulas are used when reporting greetings and
leavetakings.

Greetings Leavetakings

He greeted them. He said good-bye to

They greeted each other.................................. He bade them good-bye

He welcomed them. He took his leave

He wished them good night.

NOTE 8: The following formulas are used in reporting expressions of thanks
He thanked him for...

He said he was much obliged to him for

He expressed his gratitude to him for

He said he was grateful to him for

The reply to expressions of thanks need not be rendered in indirect speech.

Active and Passive Voice.

Voice is the grammatical category of the verb denoting the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the person or non-person denoted by the subject of the sentence.

There are two voices in English: the active voice and the passive voice.

The Active Voice indicates that the action is directed from the subject (The subject is the doer of the action).

e.g. We help our friends.

The Passive Voice serves to show that the person or thing denoted by the
subject of the sentence is not the agent (the doer) of the action expressed by the
predicate verb, but is the object of this action. The subject of the passive voice does
not act but is acted upon, it undergoes an action.

eg The news will be announced after dinner

The Passive Voice is an analytical form, which is built up by means of the auxiliary
verb to be in the required tense-aspect from and the participle II of the notional verb.

the Present Indefinite - is (am/ are) done

the Past Indefinite - was (were) done

the Future Indefinite -will (shall) be done

the Present Perfect - has (have) be done

the Past Perfect - had been done

the Future Perfect - will (shall) have been done

the Present Continuous - is (am / are) being done

the Past Continuous - was (were) being done.

NB: The Passive Voice may also be formed by means of the auxiliary verb to get
and the particle II of the notional verb. But instances of this kind are infrequent.

e.g. The boy got hurt on his was home.

Restrictions on the Use of the Passive Voice.

I. We do not use the Future Continuous, the Future Continuous-in-the Past and the Perfect Continuous forms in the Passive Voice.

e.g. When you come home in summer, they will be repairing our house.
Our class has been taught by this teacher for 5 years.
This teacher has been teaching our class for 5 years.

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