ЛИЧНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(кто) (кого, кому, кем, о ком)
Who? Whom?
ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ
(ЧЕЙ) Whose?
ИМЕНИТ. ПАДЕЖ
КОСВЕН. ПАДЕЖИ
I
me
my
You
you
your
He
him
his
She
her
her
It
it
its
We
us
our
You
you
your
They
them
their
Appendix 2
THE VERB TO BE in Present Simple
+
-
?
I am a student.
I am not a student.
Am I a student?
You are a student.
You are not a student.
Are you a student?
He is a student.
He is not a student.
Is he a student?
It is a student.
It is not a student.
Is ita student?
She is a student.
She is not a student.
Is she a student?
We are students.
We are not students.
Are we students?
You are students.
You are not students.
Are you students?
They are students.
They are not students.
Are they students?
THE VERB TO BE in Past Simple
+
-
?
I was a lovely child.
I was not a naughty child.
Was I a lovely child?
He was a lovely child.
He was not a naughty child.
Was he a lovely child?
She was a lovely child.
She was not a naughty child.
Was she a lovely child?
It was a lovely day.
It was not a gloomy day.
Was it a lovely day?
We were lovely children.
We were not naughty kids.
Were we lovely children?
You were lovely children.
You were not naughty kids
Were you lovely children?
They were lovely children.
They were not naughty kids.
Were they lovely children?
THE VERB TO BE in Future Simple
+
-
?
I will be all right.
I will not be bad.
Will I be all right?
You will be all right.
You will not be bad.
Will you beall right?
He will be all right.
He will not be bad.
Will he be all right?
She will be all right.
She will not be bad.
Will she be all right?
It will be all right.
It will not be bad.
Will it be all right?
We will be all right.
We will not be bad.
Will we be all right?
You will be all right.
You will not be bad.
Will you be all right?
They will be all right.
They will not be bad.
Will they be all right?
Сводная таблица изменений видовременных форм глагола в действительном залоге Appendix3
S
I
M
P
L
E
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), twice
Yesterday, last week (month, year, summer) …ago, When?
Tomorrow, next week (year, Sunday), in a week, soon
I V1
You play
We write
They
V2
played – прав. гл.
wrote – не прав. гл.
will+V1
will play
will write
He play s
She write s
It
I
You play
We do not write
They (don’t)_____________________
He does not play
She (doesn’t) write
It
did not+V1
did not play
(didn’t) write
will not+V1
will not play
(won’t) write
I
Do you play …?
we write…?
t hey_______________________
he
Does she play…?
It write…?
Did+подлежащее+V1…?
Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it play?
Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?
Will +подлежащее+V1…?
Will I/ you/we/they/he/she/it play?
Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
O
U
S
Now; at this moment; Look!
Yesterday at 5 o’clock; when you came
Tomorrow at this time; when you come
To be+ V4
I am
You playing
We are writing
They____________
He
She is
It
was / were +V4
You
We were
They________________ playing
I
He was writing
She
will be+V4
will be playing
will be writing
To be not + V4
I am
You not playing
We are writing
They____________
He
She is
It
was / were +not + V4
You
We were
They______________ not playing
I
He was writing
She
will be+ not + V4
will not be playing
will not be writing
Am I
you
Are we
they playing?
he writing?
Is she
it
I
Was he
She
it playing?
you writing? Were we
they
Will +подлежащее+ be+V4…?
I
you
he
Will she be playing?
it writing?
we
they
P
E
R
F
E
C
T
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
Just; already; yet; before, lately, so far; never; ever; since
Before he came; by 5 o’clock yesterday
Before you come; by 5 o’clock tomorrow
have / has + V3
I V1
You have played
We written
They
had + V3
had played
had written
will have+V3
will have played
will have written
He play ed
She has written
It
I
You played
We have not written
They _(haven’t)____________________
He has not played
She (hasn’t) written
It
had not + V3
had not played
had not written
will not have+V3
will not have played
(won’t) have written
I
Have you played …?
we written…?
t hey_______________________
he
Has she played…?
it written…?
Had + подлежащее + V3?
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played?
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they written?
Will + подлежащее +have +V3…?
Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it play?
Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write?
P
E
R
F
E
C
T
C
O
N
T
I
N
U
O
U
S
For 3 hours already; since morning; since he came; How long…? Since when…?
Since the time when;
before he came for 3 hours;
For 3 hours before you come
Have / has been+ V4
I
You
We have been
They____________ playing
He writing
She has been
It
Had been+V4
had been playing
had been writing
will have been +V4
will have been playing
will have been writing
Have / has not + V4
I
You
We have not been
They____________ playing
He writing
She has not been
It
had+ not + been +V4
had not been playing
had not been writing
Will not have been +V4
will not have been playing
will not have been writing
I
you
Have we been
they playing?
he writing?
Has she been
it
Had + подлежащее + been +V4?
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing?
Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been writing?
Will+подлежащее+have+been+V4?
I
you
he
Will she have been playing?
it writing?
we
they
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Типы вопросов
Тип вопроса
вопрос
ответ
Общие вопросы
Do you work?
Is she reading?
Yes, I do. / No. I don't
Yes, she is. / No, she isn't
Специальные вопросы
Where do you work?
What is she reading?
I work at а plant.
She is reading a book.
Who knows this story?
He (does).
Разделительные вопросы
You work much, don't you?
She can't sing, can she?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t
Yes, she can. / No, she can't.
Альтернативные вопросы
(have you)
Have you a flat or a room?
(does he know)
Does he know French or English?
I have a flat.
He knows English.
Appendix 6
THE ADJECTIVE
ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ
The degrees of comparison
Степени сравнения
Краткие прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи суффиксов.
К кратким прилагательным относятся
А) односложные прилагательные: long; large
В) двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на – y; -er; ar;
POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ)
COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ)
SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ)
as… as
He is as tall as his father.
not so… as
She is not so nice as her sister.
-er than
long-longer
large-larger
red-redder
happy-happier
He is taller than his father.
the …-est
the longest
the largest
the reddest
the happiest
He is the tallest in his class.
Многосложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи вспомогательных слов.
POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ)
COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ)
SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ)
as… as
This film version is as interesting as the book.
not so… as
This dish is not so delicious as that one.
The book is moreinteresting than the film.
This book is the mostinteresting I have ever read.
EXEPTIONS (ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ):
Good – better- the best
Bad- worse – the worst
Many – more – the most
Much – more – the most
Little – less – the least
Old – elder (older) – the eldest (the oldest)
Far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest)
Appendix 7
Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточным времени или условия
В сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным времени или условия в английском языке в придаточной части предложения группа будущих времен не употребляется. После следующих союзов и предлогов времени will /would; shall /should не ставится.
If - если
Unless – если не
When - когда
Before – до того как
After – после того как
Till - пока
Until – пока не
As soon as – как только
By the time – к тому времени как
1.ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ.
Обе части в данном типе предложения, и главная и придаточная, переводятся на русский язык будущим временем. В английском языке в придаточном предложении употребляется настоящее время.
Я поеду за город, если погода будет хорошая
Главное предложение
Придаточное предложение
Future Simple
Present Simple
Will + V1
V1
I will go out of town,
if the weather is good.
2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 1. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти сегодня или в будущем.
Я бы поехала за город завтра, если бы погода была хорошая.
Главное предложение
Придаточное предложение
Future Simple- in –the - Past
Past Simple
Would + V1
V2
I would go out of town tomorrow
if the weather were good.
В придаточном предложении этого типа глагол to be имеет форму сослагательного наклонения were для всех лиц.
If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.
I wish I were at home now. – Хорошо бы, если бы я был дома сейчас.
2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 2. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти, но не произошли в прошлом.
Я бы поехала за город вчера, если бы погода была хорошая.
Главное предложение
Придаточное предложение
Future Perfect- in –the – Past
Past Perfect
Would + have + V3
Had + V3
I would have gone out of town yesterday
if the weather had been good.
I wish I had been at home yesterday. – Как жаль, что меня не было дома вчера.
Appendix 9
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
В сложноподчиненном предложении время в придаточной части предложения согласуется с временной формой в главной части предложения. Если в главной части сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном предложении может употреблятся тоже одно из прошедших времен.
Для обозначения одновременных действий в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Simple или Past Continuous. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.
He knew that she lived in London. – Он знал, что она живет в Лондоне.
She was sure that her son was doing his homework at that time. – Она была уверена, что ее сын делает свою домашнюю работу в то время.
Для обозначений действий, предшедствующих действию в главном предложении в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени.
He said he had seen that film before. – Он сказал, что смотрел этот фильм раньше.
Для обозначений действий, которые произойдут в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего времени, в придаточном предложении употребляется Future-in-the-Past. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в будущем времени.
He informed us that he would go to Paris soon. – Он сообщил нам, что поедет в Париж вскоре.
Appendix 10
MODAL WORDS
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
VERB & ITS MEANING
PRESENT
PAST
FUTURE
Must – долженствование;
обязанность
(должен, обязан)
must
had to
will have to
Have to – вынужденная необходимость
(должен, нужно)
has to/have to
had to
will have to
Be to – договоренность
(должен, предстоит)
am/is/are to
was/were to
_____________
Should – совет
(следует, нужно)
should
_____________
_____________
Ought to – совет, моральный долг (следует, должен)
ought to
_____________
_____________
Can – физическая способность;
возможность;
разрешение
(могу, умею, можно)
can
could
will be able to
Be able to – способность
(могу, способен)
am/is/are able to
was/were able to
will be able to
May- разрешение
Возможность
(можно, может быть)
may
might
______________
Need- необходимость
(Нужно…,нет необходимости)
Need…?
needn’t
_____________
______________
Appendix 11
COMPLEX OBJECT
Инфинитивный оборот: ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ
В переводе на русский язык данный оборот образует сложноподчиненное предложение, в котором инфинитив становится сказуемым. Схема данного оборота следующая:
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