III. Referential (mentalistic) approach to word-meaning study

II. Functional approach (contextual analysis, semantic syntax, etc.)

I. Structural approach

Lexical meaning is the realization of concept or emotion by means of a definite lg system (concepts are bound by signs).

Linguistics without meaning is meaningless.

Meaning is the situation in which the word is uttered.

Meaning is the relation btw. the object or notion named and the name itself.

СЕМАНТИКА

СЕМАСИОЛОГИЯ

SEMASIOLOGY

Changes in meaning and form

By classifying and examining

· Branch of Linguistics – studies Linguistic meaning

· Branch of Linguistics – studies Lexical meaning of words and phrases and semantic change

Gr.: Semasia – “signification”, смысл

Logos “learning”

Gr.: sema = sign

Semantikos = significant

В русской и европейской традиции: русское языкознание; лексическая семантика, т.е. значение слов и словосочетаний, которое используется для номинаций.

· Все содержание языка

· Один из разделов семиотики

Word meaning – a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign.

Synchronically: study of semantic structures typical of the lg. studied, of its general semantic system.

The main object of semaciological study:

· Semantic development of words;

· Causes of development -diachronical approach;

· Classification of semantic development;

· Relevant distinctive features;

· Types of lexical meaning;

· Polysemy and semantic structure of words;

· Semantic grouping and connections in the vocabulary system (synonymy, antonymy, terminological systems) – descriptive or synchronic approach.

F. de Saussure:

Bloomfield: Descriptive linguistics

(Bloomfieldean trend):

R. Jakobson:

Diachronically: studies the change in meaning the words undergo.

Synchronically: study of semantic structures typical of the lg. studied, of its general semantic system.

The Semantic Structure of English Word:

Pragmatic functions of the lg.:

· communicative,

· emotive,

· evaluative,

· phatic,

· aesthetic

are accounted in semaciology:

They show:

· the attitude of the speaker to the thing spoken of,

· to the interlocutor

· to the situation in which the act of communication takes place.

The complexity of the word meaning:

1. Combines lexical and grammatical meanings: mother,n; to live,v;

2. Combines denotative and connotative meaning: father::daddy;

3. Denotational meaning consists of semantic components or semes: father ’male parent’, ‘an ancestor’, ‘a founder or leader’, ‘a priest’.

The grammatical meaning:

an expression in speech of relationships btw. words based on contrastive features of arrangements in which they occur:

· It is more abstract and more generalized,

· It unites words into big groups such as parts of speech and lexico-grammatical classes.

· Ex.: girls, tables, emotions (plurality ).

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